Business Finance Homework Help

PART 1

Errors in Thinking and Irrational Beliefs

Please read page 121 of your text about psychologist Albert Ellis and his thoughts about irrational beliefs. Look over the irrational beliefs listed here and try to find what their common elements are. To see what their common elements are is important! Also, study the concept of fallacies in Chapter  5 and compare it to the ‘Irrational Beliefs’ Albert Ellis identified. There are a lot of similarities (what are those?) — and one significant difference (what can it be)?
These ‘Irrational Beliefs’ are cognitive errors that people live by. Living by these cognitive errors can relate to depression and other psychological disorders. Discuss how these cognitive errors can adversely impact a person’s psychological well-being. Discuss any of these or others that may impact you, your psychological state, or you achieving your goals.
Use critical thinking skills to justify your position. As you share your own experience, please remember that experience is never right or wrong. You will want to focus on your own experience and then listening as others share their own life experiences. Your third post is due by midnight on Sunday and needs to be a minimum of 200 words each. You must use references from your text or from another source (website, book, or journal article) to support or negate your position on this topic.

** Remember, when responding to other students, do not judge. Simply state your position, backed by the evidence you choose. It can be hard not to judge those you disagree with but begin practicing with our class.

Psychology Discussion Requirements:
You are required to have 3 posts in each discussion, and these three posts must be made on three separate days.  The first post is the initial response to the question that appropriately and completely addresses the topic. This must be completed by 11:59 p.m. (EST) Wednesday. It is best to post it at the beginning of the week. The remaining two posts are responses to two different classmates. The first response to a classmate is due Saturday at 11:59 p.m. (EST), and the second response to a classmate is due on Sunday at 11:59 p.m. (EST).  Responses to me do not count as a response to another student; however, I will interact with each of you throughout the course. I encourage you to respond. If you do not post on three separate days, you will lose points (possible 15 point deduction). There will be a deduction of 5 points per day that the initial post is late. Posts are not accepted after the week closes on Sunday night.

1. Your initial post (your response to the topic) must contain a citation. It is your ideas supported by research. There will be a deduction of 20 points for failure to cite a source within your initial post and provide a reference at the end of your initial post.
2. Your initial post must be a minimum of 300 words, and each response must be a minimum of 200 words. Please double-check your word count. Only posts that meet the word count requirements receive credit.
3. Post your word count at the end of each post. There will be a 5 point deduction for each failure to provide a word count.
4. Please address fellow students and your professor by name. There will be a 5 point deduction for each failure to address by name.
5. Please use spell-check and proper grammar. Points will be deducted for each spelling and grammatical error up to 10 points for each post. 

PART 2

Constructing an Argument Assignment

1. Select a topic from the list below and construct an argument. Warning: Please make sure you work on one of the issues listed — no other arguments will be accepted!
2. Make sure you fully understand what COMPLETENESS means (pages 186-7) OK, let me highlight a fundamentally important part of it:
   You must look at and CONSIDER the opposing arguments (as every inductive argument must). It means that listing the counterarguments is not good enough; you have to say which premises you find true or strong (and why) and which ones you find false or weak (and why) — otherwise your argument would be one-sided. Obviously, accepting certain premises against our argument will not make it weaker since every issue is complex. 
3. Strong feelings or even high passion are not elements of critical thinking only reason is, as well as factual information. Morality, religion, value judgments, desires, wishes, preferences, tastes, likes, and dislikes do not make good subjects for critical arguments! Why? Because others may have other dislikes and likes, tastes, preferences, wishes, desires, value judgments, religion or morality, and the answer to the question regarding those, ‘why do they prefer what they prefer instead of what we prefer’ the answer is ‘just because’ — end of the story. 

Issues to choose from:

1. Bullying is a problem in the USA and people tend to bully bullies as ‘punishment.’ Should bullies be bullied?
2. Should school uniforms be mandated?
3. Plastic bags are an enormously huge environmental problem and many countries (and cities) have banned them. Should they be banned in the US?
4. Music and art may seem like ‘useless’ subjects in school, but research shows that they are useful in the development of youth. Should they be mandated in school?
5. Should child beauty competitions be banned?

POST 1

Robert Ellis was a psychologist and was the “founder of rational emotive behavioral therapy [that] maintains that irrational ideas are the primary source of depression, rage, feelings of inadequacy, and self-hatred” (Boss, 2021, p. 163). Some of the irrational beliefs are that a person is competent or they feel worthless, think people must treat them considerably or they feel that others are rotten, feels that the world should give them happens and if not they’ll die, have the feeling that they need to have a perfect control or things or their life won’t be enjoyable, and if something once affected a person’s life strongly it will continue to do so (Boss, 2021, p. 163). The common elements that all these share are that the person who thinks these thoughts don’t feel good about themselves or have high self-esteem. “According to Ellis, a depressed person feels sad because he (or she) erroneously thinks he is inadequate and abandoned, even though depressed people have the capacity to perform as well as nondepressed people” (Boss, 2021, p. 163) Therapy helps people deal with these beliefs because the purpose of therapy is to deal with said beliefs by disputing them replacing them with positive rational beliefs. The way that the concept of fallacies is compared to the ‘Irrational Beliefs’ of Albert Ellis is basically that both statements are wrong because a fallacy is a statement that appears to be true but it’s not. Just like irrational beliefs, there are other types of fallacies. The other types of fallacies are formal fallacy which is a type of mistaken reasoning in which the form of an argument itself is invalid, an informal fallacy which is a type of mistaken reasoning that occurs when an argument is psychologically or emotionally persuasive but logically incorrect, a fallacy of ambiguity are arguments that have ambiguous phrases or sloppy grammatical structure, and equivocation is a key term in an argument changes meaning during the course of the argument (Boss, 2021, p. 184). The main difference between the two is that irrational beliefs are thoughts people have about themselves and a fallacy is a false statement. WC=355

References

Boss, J. A. (2021). Think: Critical thinking and logic skills for everyday life (5th ed.).

POST 2

I have always been a person that beliefs that our minds manipulate everything that we feel and think. Our minds are very powerful, we can either succeed or fail and it all depends on how we think. The way one feels affects the way that we think, if we feel down then our thoughts are going to be negative and vise versa. An example of an irrational belief is “I must have perfect control over things, or I won’t be able to enjoy life” (Boss, 2021). Someone who thinks like this must feel overwhelmed all the time and really won’t be able to enjoy life because of the pressure they are putting on themselves. The common elements in these irrational thoughts are that they minimize the positivity in oneself while exaggerating the irrationality.

A fallacy is something that seems correct but turns out to be incorrect with further investigation (Boss, 2021). After reading more into fallacy’s they remind me of an incorrect hypothesis or an irrational argument. There are many different types of fallacies but two types that compared to irrational thoughts are formal and informal fallacy. A formal fallacy is a type of mistaken reasoning in which the form of an argument itself is invalid (Boss, 2021). This reminded me of irrational thoughts because sometimes these thoughts are invalid. Take the example from earlier, it is possible to enjoy life, even without having complete control over things. An informal fallacy is a type of mistaken reasoning that occurs when an argument is psychologically or emotionally persuasive but logically incorrect (Boss, 2021). This fallacy is comparable to irrational thoughts because sometimes one gets emotional, and we start to spiral and say things that we do not mean or even make sense. This is where psychological disorders start to come into play. For example, depression can alter our thoughts to be negative, which in turn causes sadness, sorrow, and unhappiness. Fallacies and irrational thoughts are different things but can relate to one another.

WC- 332

References-

Boss, J. A. (2021). In Think: Critical thinking and logic skills for everyday life (5th ed.). essay, McGraw-Hill Education.