America has the most costly health care system in the world, and costs are rising. In your opinion, what is the best way to curb this problem? 

No more than 300 words with at least one reference provided.

Books Required Economics and Financial Management for Nurses and Nurse Leaders, 2nd Ed Author: Susan J. Penner RN MN MPA DrPH CNL

The goal of policy analysis is to provide in-depth, relevant, and evaluative information about a policy. Using a framework as a guideline for the analysis provides scaffolding for logically and carefully considering the policy issue. To select a framework, one should consider the focus of the policy being analyzed and whether the policy is intended to be predictive or prescriptive. For this Discussion, you will choose a policy issue that is important to you and after evaluating the frameworks described in the Learning Resources, select the framework most appropriate for analyzing the issue.

To prepare:

• Reflect      on your understanding of the policy process: how policy is formulated,      adopted, implemented, and evaluated.
• Review      the various frameworks presented in this week’s Learning Resources and      consider how they are applied to nursing and health policies. How do they      assist you in understanding and shaping policy?
• Brainstorm      a list of the issues that are most important to your practice (these can be      issues at the institutional, local, state, national, or international      level). Then identify a specific nursing or health care policy related to      one key issue and consider which of the frameworks you would use to      examine the issue.

Note: You may not select the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act for this analysis.

By tomorrow 03//2018, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with at least 3 scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headings as numbered below”

Post a cohesive response that addresses the following:

1) Identify the policy you have selected.

2) Describe the framework that you would use for this particular issue and provide your rationale.

3) At what other stages in the policy process might an analysis framework provide guidance?

Required Readings

Blackman, V. S. (2005). Putting policy theory to work: Tobacco control in California. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 6(2), 148–155. doi: 10.1177/1527154405276289

In this article, the author applies Kingdon’s multiple streams theory to agenda setting and the public policy issue of tobacco use. In addition, the author points out two limitations of Kingdon’s model—the need to build alliances and the varying power levels among stakeholders.

Craig, R. L., Felix, H. C., Walker, J. F., & Philips, M. M. (2010). Public health professionals as policy entrepreneurs: Arkansas’s childhood obesity policy experience. American Journal of Public Health, 100(11), 2047–2052.

Fawcett, J., & Russell, G. (2001). A conceptual model of nursing and health policy. Policy, Politics, & Nursing, 2(2), 108–116. doi: 10.1177/152715440100200205

Fawcett and Russell provide a five-level conceptual model of nursing and health policy, and diagram the relationship between the model and new health policies. Guidelines for health policy analysis and evaluation are also provided.

Hewison, A. (2007). Policy analysis: A framework for nurse managers. Journal of Nursing Management, 15(7), 693–6 99. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2934.2006.00731.x

Initially, this article presents a broad analysis of policy making and then provides a specific framework of policy analysis for nurse managers. The author focuses on the necessity for nurses to become involved in health care policy making

Policy analysis: A framework for nurse managers. Journal of Nursing Management, 15(7) by Hewison, A. Copyright 2007 by BLACKWELL PUBLISHING – JOURNALS. Reprinted by permission of BLACKWELL PUBLISHING – JOURNALS via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Howie, W. O. (2009). Mandatory reporting of medical errors: Crafting policy and integrating it into practice. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 5(9), 649–654. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2009.07.012

John, P. (2003). Is there life after policy streams, advocacy coalitions, and punctuations: Using evolutionary theory to explain policy change? Policy Studies Journal, 31(4), 481–4 98. doi: 10.1111/1541-0072.0003

This article advances the use of evolutionary theory as policy theory. The author proposes that aspects of evolutionary theory such as randomness, competition, and selection be applied to policy theory but cautions that more research regarding its applicability is needed.

Rawat, P., & Morris, J. C. (2016). Kingdon’s “Streams” model at thirty: Still relevant in the 21st century? Politics & Policy, 44(4), 608-638. doi: 10.1111/polp.12168

Russell, G., & Fawcett, J. (2005). The conceptual model for nursing and health policy revisited. Policy, Politics, & Nursing, 6(4), 108–116. doi: 10.1177/1527154405283304

In this article, Russell and Fawcett revise their 2001 conceptual model of nursing and health policy and provide guidelines for nursing-specific research.

Optional Resources

Bardach, E. (2004). Presidential address—The extrapolation problem: How can we learn from the experience of others? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23(2), 205. doi: 613545361

Objective: Compare and contrast key providers of healthcare: for-profit, non-profit and government-owned.

Introduction: As a healthcare professional, having an understanding of the history of healthcare and all of the parties that make up a healthcare system will enable you to effectively contribute to improvements in your own healthcare organization. It is also important to understand how other countries manage healthcare in order to seek innovative solutions by learning from others. You also must understand and be able to help your organization provide healthcare with a cost-to-value ratio that makes sense for the consumer, the insurer and the organization.

Deliverable: The essay for this lesson is required to be a minimum of 750 words that clearly demonstrate your understanding of the activity. Essays should have a clear introduction, thesis statement and conclusion, written in APA format (APAstyle.org). A minimum of three sources must be cited in-text and in the Reference list.

Activity Details:

Read the scenario. Read the following scenario and questions, then use what you have learned about this lesson’s objective to summarize your responses.You have been asked by the president of Healthy US to help determine why the United States falls short in addressing healthcare outcomes and access. The president would also like to tap into your experience to come up with some solutions to close the gap in this area.

-How does the U.S. healthcare system compare with the top three countries that provide similar services?

-What are the other counties doing to provide better outcomes and access?

-In the countries that have better outcomes and access, who pays for healthcare? Will that system work in the U.S.? Is there another solution?

-Do countries with better outcomes and access apply these better outcomes and access to all healthcare situations, including non-terminal ones? Or are patients with non-terminal illnesses and problems likely to have longer waits and less-positive outcomes?

-Does the Affordable Care Act (ACA) need adjustments to provide positive outcomes/access as well as sensible cost/value ratios?

As introduced in the first few weeks of this course, investigators use various epidemiological study designs to study health problems and the effects of health interventions. You have examined several study designs, including descriptive designs (in Week 2) and analytic study designs that are observational (in Week 3) or experimental (this week). As a DNP student, you should be able to determine which study design would be most suitable for addressing a health problem of interest to you, as this is a foundation for evidence-based practice.

For this Discussion, you will consider which epidemiologic study design (i.e., descriptive, ecologic, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort, or experimental) is most appropriate for investigating the population health problem you selected for Assignment 1. In addition, you will consider which epidemiologic data sources you would use to examine your health problem.

To prepare:

• Reflect on the population      health problem you identified in Assignment 1, which you will use for      Major Assessment 7, and your early review of the literature.
• Identify a question for your      study; this will help you select an appropriate design.
• Consider which epidemiologic      study design (i.e., descriptive, ecologic, cross-sectional, case-control,      cohort, or experimental) is most appropriate for addressing your selected      health problem based upon the assumptions and basic tenets of each design.
• Determine which      epidemiological design(s) would not be appropriate for your study and why.
• Also, explore the various      health data resources that were presented in Chapter 5 of the course      text, Epidemiology for Public Health Practice. Consider which      data resources you could use for your study, assessing the strengths and      limitations of those resources.

By tomorrow 03/21//2018, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with at least 3 scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headings as numbered below”

Post a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:

1) Briefly summarize the population health problem you selected for Major Assessment 7, and state the study question you want to answer.

2) Explain which epidemiologic study design is most appropriate for your study, as well as the assumptions and tenets that support its application.

3) Analyze the strengths and the limitations of the potential data sources you might use for your study.

Required Readings

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

Chapter 8, “Experimental Study Designs”

This chapter examines experimental and quasi-experimental study designs.

Johnson, T. S. (2010). A brief review of pharmacotherapeutic treatment options in smoking cessation: Bupropion versus varenicline. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 22(10), 557–563.

The authors of this article explored treatment options for smoking cessation by examining the research literature, including looking at the results of randomized control trials. This article provides an example of how such a literature review can influence practice demonstrate the use and benefits of randomized control trial study designs.

Milligan, K., Niccols, A., Sword, W., Thabane, L., Henderson, J., Smith, A., & Liu, J. (2010). Maternal substance use and integrated treatment programs for women with substance abuse issues and their children: A meta-analysis. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention & Policy, 5, 21–34.

This article examines programs that integrate substance abuse treatment and pregnancy, parenting, or child services. The authors conclude that there is a need for funding of high-quality randomized control trial and improved reporting practices. This article also demonstrates the application of analytic research designs to explore a population health problem.

Talaat, M., Afifi, S., Dueger, E., El-Ashry, N., Marfin, A., Kandeel, A., Mohareb, E., & El-Sayed, N. (2011). Effects of hand hygiene campaigns on incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza and absenteeism in schoolchildren, Cairo, Egypt. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(4), 619–625.

This research study used a randomized control trial to examine the association between hand washing and reducing influenza. As you review this article, notice how they structured the research study and how they measured the association between hand washing and absenteeism.

Physicians’ Health Study (2010). Retrieved from http://phs.bwh.harvard.edu

This large-scale, randomized clinical trial that began in 1982 was designed to test the effectiveness of aspirin and beta carotene in preventing heart attacks (myocardial infarctions, or MIs) in male physicians aged 40–84. The first phase of the trial, which included more than 22,000 study subjects, demonstrated that low-dose aspirin does, in fact, reduce the risk of a first MI by 44%. This article provides a good example of the types of large-scale studies conducted using epidemiologic principles that lead to improved population health.

Required Media

Laureate Education (Producer). (2012). Epidemiology and population health: Experimental studies [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 5 minutes.

In this program, the presenters discuss experimental studies, including the effect of randomization and blinding on study results.

Optional Resources

Groopman, J. (2006, December 18) Medical dispatch—The right to a trial: Should dying patients have access to experimental drugs? New Yorker, 82(42), 40–47.

Dorak, M. T. (2006). Epidemiologic study designs [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from http://www.dorak.info/epi/design.ppt

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (2000). Randomized trials. ERIC Notebook, 10, 1–4. Retrieved from

http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_10.pdf