I need help creating a thesis and an outline on Afro-American slavery. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Slavery in America has been highly supported by the law. In 1686 the exchange of goods between blacks or between blacks and freemen was declared as not legal (Gikandi 244). In 1705 the House of Burgesses in Virginia promoted a series of laws aiming to ensure that slaves in the region would not be able to fight for their freedom in the future (Wood 11). also the above laws aimed to protect the interests of landowners in regard to their involvement in slavery (Wood 11). At the next level, in 1714, another law ‘prohibited blacks from planting their own corn, rice or peas’ (Gikandi 244). These laws aimed to control the efforts of slaves to improve their living conditions and to increase their autonomy. In practice, these laws were not fully applied, mostly because of the conflicts of interests developed in each particular region. for instance, in South Carolina masters preferred to allow a greater autonomy to slaves so that slavery is continued without problems, while in Virginia, a different attitude regarding the control over the slaves’ life was developed. This trend has led to the development of different systems of slaves’ control. In South Carolina the task system was promoted allowing to the slaves to use their free time as they wish. in Virginia the gang system was based on the close supervision of slaves almost all day prevented slaves from organizing their life. The cultivation of each section was assigned to a particular slave (Olwell 46), meaning that each slave had the total responsibility for the cultivation of the specific section.

Write a 5 pages paper on decompression surgery: sub occipital craniotomy and c-1 laminectomy for arnold chiari malformation. Pollock (2008) noted that Arnold-Chiari Malformation consists of variety of symptoms making its diagnosis difficult to establish. This is characterized by the presence of skull depression, reduction in the pathways of cerebrospinal fluid, and protrusion of cerebellar tonsil into the spinal canal through the foramen magnum that cause various problems in the sensory – motor (Pollock, 2008).

The following are noted as indications to operate patients with Chiari Malformations. These include failure to thrive, progressive spasticity or weakness of the upper extremities, pressure inside the head/neck, breathing problems, uncoordinated movement, speech problems, deterioration of alertness, and problems in walking (Venes, et al., 1986 and Columbia University Medical Center, 2011). Venes, et al (1986) noted in their study that out of 14 patients with meningomyelocoele with corresponding Arnold – Chiari Malformation in the study, nine of them had improved significantly after the surgery and three patients experiencing progressive deterioration were stabilized by surgical intervention. Vene, et al. (1986) added that in the treatment of the Arnold – Chiari II Deformity, fourth ventricular decompression by fenestration and internal shunting is reportedly tolerated well even among the young infants.

The goal of treatment for Arnold – Chiari Malformation is to restore a normal CSF flow in the foramen magnum region through surgical procedure that includes cervicomedullary junction decompression (Pakzaban, 2010). Pakzaban (2010) noted that surgical procedure include suboccipial craniectomy, cervical laminectomy, duraplasty, and arachnoid dissection.

According to Pakzaban (2010), the surgical preparation for Arnold – Chiari decompression procedure is similar with the elective surgical procedure.

Write a 2 pages paper on data flow charts. Data flow diagrams The data flow diagrams is a modelling technique that allows use of pictures to convey how information data flows through the systems connected by pipelines of data (Thomas Hathaway, 2015). The flow of information shows the source and the destination of the data.

They are different types of symbol sets that’s are used depending on the profession, most common sets are Gane and Sarson symbol sets and Yourdon symbol sets. To create better and understandable flowchart the following simple guidelines must be adhered to.

Naming conventions must always be taken care of with processes using strong verbs and dataflow, datastore and external entities using nouns.

A minimum of one input and output of dataflow in each process of a DFD.

A DFD must have a maximum of 7 – 9 processes.

Dataflow must begin and end with a process and not splitting

The external entities must be marked on the right hand top corner with a diagonal line.

A process is used to communicate logical departments in an organization and looping of the process is not allowed.

Data stored and flowing in a system must go through a system.

Always use sandwich rule to connect input and output processes and the symbols must be of standard and appropriate.

For clarification in DFD use comments and annotated descriptions.

Some of the standard symbol are

Input or output Document

Computer processes Data flow

Complex DFD are done through a process called decomposing, modelling hierarchy or leveling. this process of leveling is series of detailing diagrams until all the primitive functions are properly identified. When DFD fits on a single window is known as level 1 DFD. Level 2 is a DFD that expands the level 1 or top-level. All the levels below are level 3, level 3 and so on. A level that cannot be further be decomposed is called bottom-level process (Systems Analysis and Design, n.d.).

Flowchart assists the auditors and accountants in analyzing the current system of the organization for the control loopholes and weakness ants the reporting the same to the management. This assists the auditors in defining the audit trail, follow it up and finally evaluate the system. Further it assists in assessment of the control risk of the company.

The system analyst use the flowcharts to show how the information flows in an organization environment, thus each department is evaluated on the data is receiving and sending and makes sure only the valid and necessary data is exchanged.

A computer programmer uses both pseudocode and flowcharts to design programs in that they use it to design the systems flowchart.

A security expert managing internal data uses the DFD in identifying the weakness in internal data control and looking ways to improve by indicating new systems in organization.

A system designer uses DFD in improving the existing system or overhauling the existing system by replacing it.

Bibliography

Systems Analysis and Design. (n.d.). Retrieved from Data Flow Diagrams: http://www.eis.mdx.ac.uk/staffpages/geetha/bis2030/DFD.html

Thomas Hathaway, A. H. (2015). Data Flow Diagramming by Example. BA-Experts.

Create a 10 pages page paper that discusses the likely effects of the 2010-11 debt crisis* in the eurozone. In light of the mechanisms at the disposal of authorities across the Eurozone in dealing with the crisis, three recurrent economic tools come into focus than ever before.

These economic tools for consideration are the exchange rates, trade balance and interest rates that determine governments’ decisions in financing their budgets for instance through debts. In the incorporation of the appropriate balance to deal with the debt crisis, Mundell-Fleming Model forms one of the most applicable interventions in debt macroeconomics that could be applied to resolve the Eurozone crisis. In this discourse, various perspectives are discussed to form the basis of possible intervention by a European state outside the Eurozone which is an open economy and conducts much of its trade with the Eurozone.

IS-LM Mundell-Fleming Model was separately put together by Robert Mundell and Marcus Fleming building on Hicks IS/LM model of a closed economy to generate a model suitable for the open economy. The Mundell-Fleming model is a representation of the economic nexus with which nominal exchange rate, interest rates as well as input are related. In this model, the performance of the domestic economy must be in tandem with the world economy which is represented by the balance of payment element to the IS/LM model. Two separate settings are envisaged under the two models under domestic and world economies since they are considered differently. Similarly, domestic economies are considered as open or closed depending on the composition of the trade balance defined by real output or input. Under this model, short run interventions of the performance of the economy can be effected using the three tools mentioned above namely. interest and exchange rates as well as trade balance.