Explain the individual’s acute or chronic medical issues. If the individual   has an acute medical problem, explain how it is exacerbated by the aging   process (physiologic age-related changes). If your client does not have any   medical concerns discuss how they are maintaining their health. Use rearch   to support your findings.

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Comprehensive Evaluation Guidelines

Your scholarly paper is a comprehensive evaluation of an elderly client. You can select a client in any setting. This will be your scholarly paper for this class. It should be submitted in APA format. Your references should not be greater than 5 years old. You must use scholarly references. Throughout your paper you should consider age-related changes (physiological). Please do not write this paper as a health history as in health assessment classes this should be written as a narrative format. It is worth 15% of your grade

Information to be included:
1. Give a brief history of the client, include the medical history, social history
2. Explain the individual’s acute or chronic medical issues. If the individual

has an acute medical problem, explain how it is exacerbated by the aging

process (physiologic age-related changes). If your client does not have any

medical concerns discuss how they are maintaining their health. Use rearch

to support your findings.
3.  Review the medications that the individual is taking, including any over the

counter drugs. Are any of these drugs a problem? Many medications are

problems in the older adult. Explain the issues.
4. Explain the functional status? (ADL and IADL) What is their mobility and

ability to perform everyday activity? If there are any issues or concerns,

explain.
5. Look at the mental health and cognitive ability. Is there any impairment? Is

there a concern and if so is it being addresses? Also consider their daily

activities including social.
6. Evaluate the living situation. Is it a problem or potential problem? (living

alone, with family or a facility) Is it a problem or a good fit? Are there safety

issues or concerns? Explain. If you r client is from the hospital you should

be considering their home situation. How will it be impacted due to the

illness.
7. What  are your recommendations to improve the quality of life for this

individual.

References 

Please use a minimum of 5 resources (textbooks may be used but are not considered as the 5 resources., no more than 5 years old. Make use of journals, that is where your most up-to-date information will be.

How do risk factors and prevention strategies differ from infectious and chronic diseases? When thinking  about chronic diseases, how do you perceive the purpose and utility of  passive surveillance as

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For  the most part, providers, including physicians and laboratories, are  required by state laws to report health conditions. For some  communicable diseases, this type of passive surveillance of notifiable  diseases helps identify outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, and possible  bioterrorism.

Using  the South University Online Library or the Internet, review priorities  in chronic disease prevention and control. Based on your research and  understanding, answer the following questions:

  • Has the focus on disease  prevention and health promotion shifted from infectious diseases to chronic diseases? Why or why not?
  • Will a  diversion in focus from infectious to chronic diseases leave the United  States and other parts of the world at greater risk for pandemics or  bioterrorism? Why or why not?
  • How do risk factors and prevention strategies differ from infectious and chronic diseases?
  • When thinking  about chronic diseases, how do you perceive the purpose and utility of  passive surveillance as an epidemiological tool? Explain with an example  of a chronic disease surveillance system. Would you advocate the  reporting of select chronic conditions? Why? Give reasons for your  answer.

Describe in behavioral terms your specific planning process for your project and overall teaching goal for your participants. Evaluate your teach

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Power point Presentation (20 slides each WITH NOTES, GRAPHICS)

Topics:

 

Flu season and illness prevention. Target group is nursing staff from one facility.

Provide a comprehensive statement of the problem using the epidemiological process including the distribution, determinants, and deterrents.

Incorporate at least four current literature review findings as a theoretical base for your project/paper.

Describe community resources available to meet the need of the specific community in this problem area. Summarize the resources available and describe their effectiveness for the community.

Describe your selected group. Identify and summarize the learner needs of your selected group. What are the needs? Why does this group need to be educated on your chosen topic?

Identify and describe developmental and teaching/learning theory/theories used and why they are appropriate to the learners you targeted.

Describe in behavioral terms your specific planning process for your project and overall teaching goal for your participants.

Evaluate your teaching experience. Reflect on the following questions. What went well? What did not? What would you change if you were teaching this topic to a similar group at a later date and why?

RUBRICS

Provides a comprehensive statement of the problem using the epidemiological process including the distribution, determinants, and deterrents. Describes the selected group, and identifies and summarizes the learner needs of the selected group, including why this group needs to be educated on the chosen topic.

Describes the community resources available to meet the need of the specific community in this problem area. Summarizes the resources available and describes their effectiveness for the community. Identifies and describes developmental and teaching/learning theory/theories used and why they are appropriate to the learners targeted. Describes in behavioral terms the specific planning process for the project and overall teaching goal for the participants. Incorporates at least four current literature review findings as a theoretical base for the project/paper.

Evaluates the teaching experience. Reflects on the following questions: What went well? What did not go well? What would you change if you were teaching this topic to a similar group at a later date and why?

Writing is clear, concise, formal, and organized. Slides are mostly error free. Information from sources is paraphrased appropriately and accurately referenced and cited in APA style. A title slide, clear introduction and conclusion, and reference slide are included. The number of references required by the assignment is presented. In-text APA citations are used in the presentation.

Good language skills and pronunciation is used; information is well communicated. Still images of the lessons are included if actual video is not.

4) Describe how the measurement is compared externally to other like settings; differentiate between the actual rate and a percentile ranking.  

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In an 8 to 10-page paper, APA format and 5 references, describe three rate based measurements of quality.

Select three rate based measurements of quality that you will use as the primary basis for this paper.

These measurements must relate to some aspect of clinical or service quality that directly relates to patient care or the patient’s experience of care.  For the purposes of this assignment, an analysis of staffing levels is not permitted.  You can find useful information on quality indicators that are of interest to you on these websites and resources.  You may choose only one of the three measures to be some form of patient satisfaction measure.

Deconstruct each measure to include descriptions of the each of the following as numbered below:

1) The definition of the measure

2) The numerical description of how the measurement is constructed (the numerator/denominator measure counts, the formula used to construct the rate, etc.)

3) Explain how the data for this measure are collected

4) Describe how the measurement is compared externally to other like settings; differentiate between the actual rate and a percentile ranking.

5) Explain whether the measure is risk adjusted or not.  If so, explain briefly how this is accomplished.

6) Describe how goals might be set for each measure in an aggressive organization, which is seeking to excel in the marketplace.

Describe the importance of each measure to a chosen clinical organization and setting.

Using these websites and resources you can choose a hospital, a nursing home, a home health agency, a dialysis center, a health plan, an outpatient clinic or private office; a total population of patient types is also acceptable, but please be specific as to the setting. That is, if you are interested in patients with chronic illness across the continuum of care, you might home in a particular health plan, a multispecialty practice setting or a healthcare organization with both inpatient and outpatient/clinic settings. Faculty appointments and academic settings are not permitted for this exercise. For all other settings, consult the instructor for guidance. You do not need actual data from a given organization to complete this assignment.

Relate each measure to patient safety, to the cost of poor quality, and to the overall cost of healthcare.

Required Readings

Joshi, M.S., Ransom, E.R., Nash, D.B., & Ransom, S.B., (Eds.). (2014). The Healthcare Quality Book, 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.

Chapter 5: “Data Collection”

Chapter 6: “Statistical Tools for QI”

Park, J., Konetzka, R. T., & Werner, R. M. (2011). Performing well on nursing home report cards: Does it pay off? Health Services Research, 46(2), 531–554. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01197.x

  1. The study in this article evaluates whether or not nursing homes benefit from improvements in quality measures. Four financial outcomes are measured before and after the improvements are enacted. The study shows that the nursing homes that improved quality measures benefited financially.

Suchy, K. (2010). A lack of standardization: The basis for the ethical issues surrounding quality and performance reports. Journal of Healthcare Management, 55(4), 241–251.

Because performance reports are easily found online, this article supports creating ethical guidelines for the performance reports of the health care industry. It compares nearly ten different organizations that provide performance reporting, and then it proposes an ethical framework and principles for public quality reporting.

Wachter, R. M., & Pronovost, P. J. (2009). Balancing “no blame” with accountability in patient safety. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(14), 1401–1406.

This article addresses the issue of individual accountability in health care organizations. It suggests moving from a culture within health care that does not place blame on individuals to a culture where individuals become more accountable.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (n.d.). Quality initiatives: Overview. Retrieved from http://www.cms.gov/QualityInitiativesGenInfo/

Created by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, this website overviews quality initiatives that affect the health care industry. It also provides information and downloadable PDFs on the Post-Acute Care Reform Plan and Development of Quality Indicators for Impatient Rehabilitation Facilities (IRF).

Required Media

Video: Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2011). Organizational and systems leadership for quality improvement: External quality improvement. Baltimore: Author.

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 10 minutes.

The presenters in this video discuss various external organizations involved in quality, and examine the enforcement of standards by governmental agencies versus voluntary organizations. This program also addresses the publication of quality information and why organizations should do their own reporting in addition to mandated reporting. Licensing, credentialing, and certification are discussed as they relate to the social compact that health care providers have for quality and safety.

Summarize the moral/ethical issue in the article (no more than 1 paragraph). · Describe the moral and ethical dilemmas surrounding the issue.

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In your role as a Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP), you will encounter several situations that will require your ability to make sound judgments and practice decisions for the safety and well-being of individuals, families, and communities. There may not be a clear-cut answer of how to address the issue, but your ethical decision making must be based on evidenced-based practice and what is good, right, and beneficial for patients. You will encounter patients who do not hold your values, but you must remain professional and unbiased in the care you provide to all patients regardless of their socio-demographic and ethnic/racial background. You must be prepared to critically analyze ethical situations and develop an appropriate plan of action. For this Assignment, you review the literature and discover the various ethical dilemmas PMHNPs encounter and how these issues are typically addressed in your state.

                                                                 Assignment 

To prepare:

· Review literature for moral/ethical issues encountered by a Psychiatric and  

Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP).

· Select one of the articles you found that was published within the last 5 years to

use as a focus for this assignment.

                Write a 2-page paper in which you do the following:

· Summarize the moral/ethical issue in the article (no more than 1 paragraph).

· Describe the moral and ethical dilemmas surrounding the issue.

· Analyze the ethical issue and compare them to the state health laws and

regulations in your state.

· Outline the process of ethical decision making you would use to address this

ethical dilemma.

Note: Be sure to use the Practicum Journal Template attached in this assignment.

Also, the Sample Practicum Journal attached is just a sample.

· Include references immediately following the content.

· Use APA style for your journal entry and references.

                                                  Learning Resources

Required Readings

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

  • Chapter 5, “Examination and Diagnosis of the      Psychiatric Patient” (pp. 192–289)
  • Chapter      31, “Child Psychiatry” (pp. 1082–1107)

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

  • “Introduction”
  • “Use of the Manual”
  • “Cultural Formulation”

Kaplan, C. (2017). Ethical dilemmas. Advanced Healthcare Network. Retrieved from http://nurse-practitioners-and-physician-assistants.advanceweb.com/Article/Ethical-Dilemmas-2.aspx

Pumariega, A. J., Rothe, E., Mian, A., Carlisle, L., Toppelberg, C., Harris, T., . . .  Smith, J. (2013). Practice parameter for cultural competence in child and adolescent psychiatric practice. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(10), 1101–1115. Retrieved from http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(13)00479-6/pdf

American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2012a). Practice parameter for psychodynamic psychotherapy with children. Journal of the 

American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(5), 541–557. Retrieved from http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(12)00141-4/pdf

American Psychological Association. (2017). Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/

                                                Optional Resources

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

  • Chapter 1, “Neural Sciences” (pp. 1–92)
  • Chapter      31.2, “Assessment, Examination, and Psychological testing” (pp. 1107–1118)

Thapar, A., Pine, D. S., Leckman, J. F., Scott, S., Snowling, M. J., & Taylor, E. A. (2015). Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.

 

Examined the role of the organization’s mission, vision, and key values in relationship to its strategic plan

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Decided on an appropriate health care organization for which to develop a strategic plan

Examined the role of the organization’s mission, vision, and key values in relationship to its strategic plan

Explained the strategic planning model the chosen organization currently uses

Identified the theoretical framework the chosen organization currently uses

Identified the organizational structure and key leaders of the organization

Identified the change management model the organization uses

Analyzed the involvement of the organization’s governing board in implementing strategic goals

Summarized the various key components of the organization’s value chain in relation to strategic plan implementation

Examine how the nurse-to-patient ratio is affected by the payment approach used and consider how this can impact quality of service.

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Reimbursement for Services

There are a number of different options for determining how to charge for services provided at a health care organization. In the case-based service approach, one set fee covers an entire procedure. For example, if you needed knee replacement surgery, the fee would include preliminary visits, the surgery, and follow-up visits. However, in a fee-for-service approach, every different step would incur a separate cost. The reimbursement approach taken has significant ramifications for how care is provided.

To prepare:

  • Review the information in this week’s Learning Resources focusing on reimbursement for services. How are these approaches the same or different in your own setting?
  • Identify an example of a fee-for-service approach and a case-based service approach.
  • Reflect on the benefits and limitations of each approach.
  • Review the article, “Which Health care Payment System is Best?” and examine the additional reimbursement strategies described. Consider the viability of these alternative strategies within your own organization (or one with which you are familiar).

  • Reimbursement for Services

    There are a number of different options for determining how to charge for services provided at a health care organization. In the case-based service approach, one set fee covers an entire procedure. For example, if you needed knee replacement surgery, the fee would include preliminary visits, the surgery, and follow-up visits. However, in a fee-for-service approach, every different step would incur a separate cost. The reimbursement approach taken has significant ramifications for how care is provided.

    To prepare:

    • Review the information in this week’s Learning Resources focusing on reimbursement for services. How are these approaches the same or different in your own setting?
    • Identify an example of a fee-for-service approach and a case-based service approach.
    • Reflect on the benefits and limitations of each approach.
    • Review the article, “Which Health care Payment System is Best?” and examine the additional reimbursement strategies described. Consider the viability of these alternative strategies within your own organization (or one with which you are familiar).

    • Reimbursement for Services

      There are a number of different options for determining how to charge for services provided at a health care organization. In the case-based service approach, one set fee covers an entire procedure. For example, if you needed knee replacement surgery, the fee would include preliminary visits, the surgery, and follow-up visits. However, in a fee-for-service approach, every different step would incur a separate cost. The reimbursement approach taken has significant ramifications for how care is provided.

      To prepare:

      • Review the information in this week’s Learning Resources focusing on reimbursement for services. How are these approaches the same or different in your own setting?
      • Identify an example of a fee-for-service approach and a case-based service approach.
      • Reflect on the benefits and limitations of each approach.
      • Review the article, “Which Health care Payment System is Best?” and examine the additional reimbursement strategies described. Consider the viability of these alternative strategies within your own organization (or one with which you are familiar).
      • Examine how the nurse-to-patient ratio is affected by the payment approach used and consider how this can impact quality of service.
      By Day 3

      Post an example that illustrates the difference between a fee-for-service payment and a case-based service payment. Explain the benefits and limitations of each approach. Assess the viability of utilizing, within your own organization (or one with which you are familiar), the two alternative reimbursement strategies described in “Which Health care Payment System is Best?” Analyze how the nurse-to-patient ratio is affected by the payment approach selected and how these impact quality of service.

       

      Required Readings

      Baker, J. J., Baker, R. W., & Dworkin, N. R.  (2018). Health care finance: Basic  tools for nonfinancial managers (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and  Bartlett Learning.
      Chapter 7, “Cost Classifications” (pp. 55-61)
      In this chapter, you focus on the difference between direct and indirect costs and why it is crucial for financial managers to understand the difference.
      Chapter 8, “Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis” (pp. 65-78)
      This chapter continues the discussion on costs. It describes the differences between fixed, variable, and semivariable costs. It demonstrates how to compute the cost-volume-profit (CVP) ratio and the profit-volume (PV) ratio.

      Zelman, W., McCue, M., & Glick, N. (2009). Financial management of health care organizations: An introduction to fundamental tools, concepts, and applications (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass.
      Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
      Chapter 3, “Principles and Practices of Health Care Accounting” (pp. 87–120)
      Review: This chapter explores the accounting practices and principles of health care. The authors detail the rules for recording transactions and the process of recording and developing financial statements.
      Chapter 4, “Financial Statement Analysis” (pp. 121–186)
      Review: This chapter goes into detail about the three types of analysis used in financial statements of health care organizations: horizontal analysis, vertical (common-size) analysis, and ratio analysis. This chapter also explains the categories of ratios and how to apply them.

      Chapter 9, “Using Cost Information to Make Special Decisions” (pp. 372–422)
      This chapter specifies methods of computing price, fixed cost, and variable cost per unit and details the process of understanding and creating break-even charts. The chapter also discusses the decision making process involved in making special decisions such as make versus buy, add versus drop a program, and expansion versus reduction of a program.

      Chapter 13, “Provider Payment Systems” (pp. 528–568)
      This chapter explains the background, concept, and traits of the major types of payment systems in use today. The chapter also details the methods of financial risk reduction used by those that must cover the costs of health care.

    By Day 3

    Post an example that illustrates the difference between a fee-for-service payment and a case-based service payment. Explain the benefits and limitations of each approach. Assess the viability of utilizing, within your own organization (or one with which you are familiar), the two alternative reimbursement strategies described in “Which Health care Payment System is Best?” Analyze how the nurse-to-patient ratio is affected by the payment approach selected and how these impact quality of service.

     

    Required Readings

    Baker, J. J., Baker, R. W., & Dworkin, N. R.  (2018). Health care finance: Basic  tools for nonfinancial managers (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and  Bartlett Learning.
    Chapter 7, “Cost Classifications” (pp. 55-61)
    In this chapter, you focus on the difference between direct and indirect costs and why it is crucial for financial managers to understand the difference.
    Chapter 8, “Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis” (pp. 65-78)
    This chapter continues the discussion on costs. It describes the differences between fixed, variable, and semivariable costs. It demonstrates how to compute the cost-volume-profit (CVP) ratio and the profit-volume (PV) ratio.

    Zelman, W., McCue, M., & Glick, N. (2009). Financial management of health care organizations: An introduction to fundamental tools, concepts, and applications (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
    Chapter 3, “Principles and Practices of Health Care Accounting” (pp. 87–120)
    Review: This chapter explores the accounting practices and principles of health care. The authors detail the rules for recording transactions and the process of recording and developing financial statements.
    Chapter 4, “Financial Statement Analysis” (pp. 121–186)
    Review: This chapter goes into detail about the three types of analysis used in financial statements of health care organizations: horizontal analysis, vertical (common-size) analysis, and ratio analysis. This chapter also explains the categories of ratios and how to apply them.

    Chapter 9, “Using Cost Information to Make Special Decisions” (pp. 372–422)
    This chapter specifies methods of computing price, fixed cost, and variable cost per unit and details the process of understanding and creating break-even charts. The chapter also discusses the decision making process involved in making special decisions such as make versus buy, add versus drop a program, and expansion versus reduction of a program.

    Chapter 13, “Provider Payment Systems” (pp. 528–568)
    This chapter explains the background, concept, and traits of the major types of payment systems in use today. The chapter also details the methods of financial risk reduction used by those that must cover the costs of health care.

By Day 3

Post an example that illustrates the difference between a fee-for-service payment and a case-based service payment. Explain the benefits and limitations of each approach. Assess the viability of utilizing, within your own organization (or one with which you are familiar), the two alternative reimbursement strategies described in “Which Health care Payment System is Best?” Analyze how the nurse-to-patient ratio is affected by the payment approach selected and how these impact quality of service.

 

Required Readings

Baker, J. J., Baker, R. W., & Dworkin, N. R.  (2018). Health care finance: Basic  tools for nonfinancial managers (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and  Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 7, “Cost Classifications” (pp. 55-61)
In this chapter, you focus on the difference between direct and indirect costs and why it is crucial for financial managers to understand the difference.
Chapter 8, “Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis” (pp. 65-78)
This chapter continues the discussion on costs. It describes the differences between fixed, variable, and semivariable costs. It demonstrates how to compute the cost-volume-profit (CVP) ratio and the profit-volume (PV) ratio.

Zelman, W., McCue, M., & Glick, N. (2009). Financial management of health care organizations: An introduction to fundamental tools, concepts, and applications (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Chapter 3, “Principles and Practices of Health Care Accounting” (pp. 87–120)
Review: This chapter explores the accounting practices and principles of health care. The authors detail the rules for recording transactions and the process of recording and developing financial statements.
Chapter 4, “Financial Statement Analysis” (pp. 121–186)
Review: This chapter goes into detail about the three types of analysis used in financial statements of health care organizations: horizontal analysis, vertical (common-size) analysis, and ratio analysis. This chapter also explains the categories of ratios and how to apply them.

Chapter 9, “Using Cost Information to Make Special Decisions” (pp. 372–422)
This chapter specifies methods of computing price, fixed cost, and variable cost per unit and details the process of understanding and creating break-even charts. The chapter also discusses the decision making process involved in making special decisions such as make versus buy, add versus drop a program, and expansion versus reduction of a program.

Chapter 13, “Provider Payment Systems” (pp. 528–568)
This chapter explains the background, concept, and traits of the major types of payment systems in use today. The chapter also details the methods of financial risk reduction used by those that must cover the costs of health care.

Were there any placement items/issues that occurred this week that you feel your instructor should be aware of that are private in nature and are more appropriately shared here than in the discussion board with your classmates?

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  1. What are your upcoming week’s specific learning goals and objectives?
  2. Were there any placement items/issues that occurred this week that you feel your instructor should be aware of that are private in nature and are more appropriately shared here than in the discussion board with your classmates?
  3. Give a brief description of an objective you worked on this week. Make sure to cite at least one reference showing how your objective relates to the public health knowledge you’ve studied during this course or the public health course. You may choose to reference your e-text, journal articles, or videos you’ve studied during these courses or you may find an outside reference on your own to further enhance your public health knowledge and practices.

This was last week. Write about the experience at the clinical site.

Remember, your journal entries are an important aspect of clinical learning as they serve to help you reflect upon and get the most out of your community practice experience. Therefore, your journal entry should include the who, what, where, and when of your community practice experience. Remember, this should simulate a dialogue that would normally take place face-to-face with your community practice experience instructor.

What social and economic conditions support and encourage healthy choices? (b) What social and economic structures affect health that have nothing to do with individual choices?

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Watch online video clips from the documentary “Unnatural Causes: Is Inequity Making Us Sick?” Go to http://www.unnaturalcauses.org/video_clips.php, use the dropdown next to “Select Filter” in the center of the page in order to watch the clips associated with each episode.

  • Episode 5: Three Clips
  • Episode 6: Three Clips
  • Episode 7: Two Clips

Based upon ALL of the video clips you have watched over the last few weeks, thoroughly answer each part of the following questions.  Number your responses to correspond with each question – e.g., 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 4c.

1. (a) Why do we typically think of health only in terms of health care and personal behaviors? (b) What are the sources of these messages? (c) Who benefits from them? Explain.

2. (a) What social and economic conditions support and encourage healthy choices? (b) What social and economic structures affect health that have nothing to do with individual choices?

3. When confronted with evidence of health inequities, many people from United States respond that the outcomes are unfortunate but not necessarily unjust. (a) Define the term “just”.  (b) Do you agree or disagree that the outcomes are not necessarily unjust? Explain why or why not.

4. (a) What policies at the local, state or federal level (e.g., education, transportation, employment, etc.) might reduce social and economic inequities? (b) What would a more equitable society look like? (c) Who can make it happen?

*Utilizing and citing at least two new academic sources, investigate and expand upon all four questions.  Your class textbook WILL NOT count as a new academic source; Use APA style; See Rubric.