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CYBER CRIME
                Chapter 3
                Objectives
 

  • Review Traditional Problems in the Recognition and Prosecution of Computer Crime
  • Discuss the History of Computer Crimes
  • Explore the Traditional Rationales for Phreakers and Hackers
  • Discuss the Evolution of Hacking
  • Acquire an Appreciation for Computers as Marketable Commodities
  • Explore the Current State of Computer Crimes Globally

                      
Details
 
Traditional Problems vs. Emerging Issues
 

  • Normally criminal statutes are based upon the physical location (vicinage) of the act
  • Jurisdictional issues usually involve which court (local, state, federal, military, Indian Reservation), will prosecute the case
  • Cybercrime expands beyond the spatial boundaries into global connectivity
  • Cybercrime obscures the jurisdictional landscape for traditional crimes
    • Identifying the vicinage is difficult
      • Scenario: Resident of Tennessee places an illegal wager on a sporting event by purchasing gaming software from a site located overseas
      • The winnings are electronically transferred to an account in Las Vegas
      • He violated state and federal gambling laws by possessing a gaming device but inconclusive whether he placed any bets
      • Conclusion: lack of physicality creates questions about crime being committed and which agency has jurisdiction
    • Cybercrime is not enforced by any International Agreements or Memorandums of Understanding
      • Many countries have become safe havens for cybercrime because they receive significant compensation in the form of corporate taxes (payoffs) from fraudsters
    • Cybercriminals use techniques that mask or block their identities
      • Anonymizer: sites which enable the user to mask their IP (computer) addresses through rerouting, remailing, or deletion of header information
        • Privacy advocates support the these sites as a nurturing environment for First Amendment
      • Criminals use encryption programs to hide their activities
      • Federal government attempting to enact laws that would make encryption keys discoverable by subpoena
      • Evidence Retrieval
        • Internet service providers not required to maintain transmission records like telecommunications companies
        • Digital evidence is voluminous thus time consuming for investigators
        • Digital evidence is easily modified or deleted

 
Historical Highlights of Computer Crime

  • First computer crime: ( 1800’s) workers at a textile plant destroyed a machine that automated several steps in manufacturing process threatening manual labor jobs
  • (1986) Russian KGB operative (Cal Berkeley employee) hacked into military database and obtained information
  • (1988) Cornell student created damaging program (Morris worm) that attacked computers via the Internet; damaged 6,000 computers; $5-100 million in losses

 
Phreakers and Hackers

  • Phreakers: manipulation of telecommunication carriers to gain knowledge of telecommunications and/or theft of services
    • Illegal access to Private Branch Exchange Systems (Businesses)
    • Illegal use of access codes and access tones
      • Shoulder surfing: looking over person’s shoulder while dialing
      • War dialing: testing numerous codes until one is successful
        • Used in college dorms, military bases, traveling business teams
  • Hacking: term used by MIT students in 1960’s referring to techniques that identify computer shortcuts or clever pranks; (1980’s) term was popularized in the film, War Games
  • Traditional hacker culture was characterized by anti-establishment rhetoric
    • Hackers  use  a service that could be inexpensive except it’s run by profiteering gluttons
    • We explore and you call us criminals
    • We seek after knowledge and you call us criminals
    • We exist without skin color, without nationality, without religious bias and you call us criminals

 

  • Hacker Typologies
    • White hat hackers: individuals who identify system vulnerabilities in the interest of promoting heightened security
    • Black hat hackers: individuals who identify and exploit system vulnerabilities for illegal purposes such as destruction or theft
    • Gray hat hackers: may identify weaknesses in systems for administrators but also sell information to black hat hackers

 
Computer Intrusion Motivations  

  • Boredom (informational voyeurism): individuals are motivated by inquisitiveness to sensationalism
  •  Intellectual challenge (mining for knowledge-pure hackers-thrill seekers): subculture that proclaim to be seekers of knowledge and reject any individuals who use skills for cybercrime
  • Revenge (insiders, disgruntled employees): intentional acts of destruction by insiders who become disgruntled after being passed over for promotion or laid off by budget cuts; unintentional breach of security protocols pose most significant threat (failure to protect passwords) cite p. 60 (Seeking Revenge)
  • Sexual Gratification (stalking, harassment): Sexual predators
  • Economic ( Criminals): Personal gain
  • Political (hacktivists, terrorists, spies): Extremist groups target government and business entities for ideological, religious beliefs

 
Hierarchy of Contemporary Cybercriminals

  • Script kiddies: Lowest form of cybercriminal; inexperienced hackers who employ scripts or other programs authored by others to exploit security vulnerabilities
    • Motivations range from simple pranks on college campuses to criminal profit when hackers capture bank accounts and password information to access victim’s account
  • Cyberpunks: law enforcement labels these individuals who vandalize and destroy computers by introducing viruses and worms for no economic gain
  • Crackers: Sophisticated users who employ their knowledge for personal gain
  • Cybercriminal Organizations: term does not include traditional organized crime groups but rather groups of individuals who use the internet to communicate collaborate and facilitate cybercrime
  • Hacktivists: Fastest growing group of hackers; activist groups added data breaches to their arsenal of destructive weapons

 
 
 
 
 
Computers as Targets
 

  • Hardware:
    • Computer chips
    • Integrated circuits
    • CPU’s
    • Motherboards
    • Ethercards
      • Resale of components are high due to difficulty in tracing them
      • Blackmarket dealers are organized groups trafficking in stolen computer components that solicit orders and target victims accordingly
      • Gray market dealers are legitimate businesses that buy stolen components from thieves and sell to customers who want custom computers

 

  • Theft of Intellectual Property
    • Software: Industries involved in mass production of intellectual property have benefited from enhanced production strategies
    • Digital pirates have targeted these industries to duplicate and distribute unauthorized copies of their intellectual property
    • Top Target Industries: Manufacturing, Sales/distribution, Service, Financial Services, Software Development
    • (2010) theft of software for personal computers increased by 14%; $59 billion

 

  • Film Piracy: Optical disc piracy, Internet piracy, video-cassette piracy, theatrical print theft, broadcast piracy
    • Overseas market for American films involves new releases and old films
    • Primary market in US are those films not yet available on DVD or cable
    • Illegal copying and distribution are done by individuals and organized crime groups

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