Biology homework help
I need a paper of 8 pages following this outline.
III. Sea level rise enables intrusion of mangroves
A. Mangroves prevent the intrusion of salt water to the everglades.
1. Mangrove dieback (Zhao et al. 2020)
2. Mangroves accommodate to sea level rise (Feher et al. 2020)
B. Mangroves prevent storm surges. (Jiang et al. 2014)
C. Enabling the intrusion of mangroves will prevent them from stabilizing the
coastline and reducing erosion. (Willard et al. 2011)
IV. Animal communities dependent on saw grass are changing in composition and function.
A. Loss of animal habitats Loss of suitable animal habitats (Catano et al. 2015)
B. Will decrease the amount of American crocodiles. Influence of salinity on American crocodiles (Mazzotti et al. 2019)
C. Damage to native and nonnative fish in the area.
Loss of fish density due to excess salinity (Romanach et al. 2019)
V. Specific local solutions involve modifications to the restoration plan
A. Modify the Restoration Plan
B. Increase amount of freshwater discharge through rivers
C. Raise freshwater levels near the coast
D. Freshwater storage
VI. Conclusion
A. Sea level rise is threating the Everglades, causing damage to the river of grass, negatively affecting the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, and causing the loss of its ecosystem.
B. Implementing ways of saving freshwater wetlands will benefit the Everglades and South Florida.
Works Cited
• Aumen, N.G., Havens, K.E., Best, G.R. et al. Predicting Ecological Responses of the Florida Everglades to Possible Future Climate Scenarios: Introduction.Environmental Management 55, 741–748 (2015). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00267-014-0439-z
• Bansal, S., Lishawa, S.C., Newman, S. et al. Typha (Cattail) Invasion in North American Wetlands: Biology, Regional Problems, Impacts, Ecosystem Services, and Management. Wetlands 39, 645–684 (2019). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s13157-019- 01174-7
• Catano, C.P., Romañach, S.S., Beerens, J.M. et al. Using Scenario Planning to Evaluate the Impacts of Climate Change on Wildlife Populations and Communities in the Florida Everglades. Environmental Management 55, 807–823 (2015). https://doi- org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00267-014-0397-5
• Chambers, L.G., Davis, S.E., Troxler, T. et al. Biogeochemical effects of simulated sea level rise on carbon loss in an Everglades mangrove peat soil. Hydrobiologia 726, 195–211 (2014). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10750-013-1764-6
• Charles, S.P., Kominoski, J.S., Troxler, T.G. et al. Experimental Saltwater Intrusion Drives Rapid Soil Elevation and Carbon Loss in Freshwater and Brackish Everglades Marshes. Estuaries and Coasts 42, 1868–1881 (2019). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s12237-019-00620-3
• Feher, L.C., Osland, M.J., Anderson, G.H. et al. The Long-Term Effects of Hurricanes Wilma and Irma on Soil Elevation Change in Everglades Mangrove Forests. Ecosystems 23, 917–931 (2020). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10021-019-00446-x
• Howard, R.J., From, A.S., Krauss, K.W. et al. Soil surface elevation dynamics in a mangrove-to- marsh ecotone characterized by vegetation shifts. Hydrobiologia 847, 1087–1106 (2020). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10750-019-04170-4
• Jiang, J., DeAngelis, D.L., Anderson, G.H. et al. Analysis and Simulation of Propagule Dispersal and Salinity Intrusion from Storm Surge on the Movement of a Marsh–Mangrove Ecotone in South Florida. Estuaries and Coasts 37, 24–35 (2014). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s12237- 013-9666-4
• Mazzotti, F. J., Smith, B. J., Squires, M. A., Cherkiss, M. S., Farris, S. C., Hackett, C., … Brandt, L. A. (2019). Influence of salinity on relative density of American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Everglades National Park: Implications for restoration of Everglades ecosystems. Ecological Indicators, 102, 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.03.002
• Nungesser, M., Saunders, C., Coronado-Molina, C. et al. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Florida’s Everglades. Environmental Management 55, 824–835 (2015). https://doi- org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00267-014-0417-5
• Pulido, C., Sebesta, N., & Richards, J. H. (2020). Effects of salinity on sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense Crantz) seed germination. Aquatic Botany, 166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2020.103277
• Romañach, S.S., Beerens, J.M., Patton, B.A. et al. Impacts of Saltwater Intrusion on Wetland Prey Production and Composition in a Historically Freshwater Marsh.Estuaries and Coasts 42, 1600– 1611 (2019). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s12237-019-00572-8
• Servais, S., Kominoski, J. S., Charles, S. P., Gaiser, E. E., Mazzei, V., Troxler, T. G., & Wilson, B. J. (2019). Saltwater intrusion and soil carbon loss: Testing effects of salinity and phosphorus loading on microbial functions in experimental freshwater wetlands. Geoderma, 337, 1291–1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.11.013
• Sirianni, M. J., & Comas, X. (2020). Changes in physical properties of Everglades peat soils induced by increased salinity at the laboratory scale: Implications for changes in biogenic gas dynamics. Water Resources Research, 56, e2019WR026144. https://doi- org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1029/2019WR026144
• Willard, D.A., Bernhardt, C.E. Impacts of past climate and sea level change on Everglades wetlands: placing a century of anthropogenic change into a late-Holocene context. Climatic Change 107, 59 (2011). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10584-011-0078-9
• Zhao, X., Rivera-Monroy, V. H., Wang, H., Xue, Z. G., Tsai, C. F., Willson, C. S., … Twilley, R. R. (2020). Modeling soil porewater salinity in mangrove forests (Everglades, Florida, USA) impacted by hydrological restoration and a warming climate. Ecological Modelling, 436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109292
Thalia Acosta BSC 4931, Section U03
Title: Sea Level Rise affects the Everglades Ecosystem and Restoration Plan
I. Introduction
A. Changes in precipitation, temperature, and sea level will affect the Everglades Ecosystem. (Nungesser et al. 2015)
B. Damage to the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan to restore fresh water.
(Aumen et al. 2015)
C. Hypothesis: “Sea level rise caused by global warming is reducing
sawgrass populations, enabling intrusion of mangroves, and damaging the
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. This is in turn causing
animal populations to decrease or disperse, and ecosystem services to be
lost.”
II. Sea level rise is reducing sawgrass populations and ecosystem functions
A. Abundance of salt water will eat away the saw grass in the famous “river of grass” and lower their population.
1. Salinity reduces saw grass germination (Pulido et al. 2020)
2. Reduced root biomass (Charles et al. 2019)
3. Ecosystem function/ services (Bansal et al. 2019)
B. Will lead to peat soil being destroyed, peat soil is important for the wetlands elevation.
1. Soil surface elevation (Howard et al. 2020)
2. Exposing wetlands soil (Servais et al. 2019)
3. Structure and function of sawgrass (environmental stress) (Servais et al.
2019)
C. Peat accumulation will lead to less carbon sequestration and erosion of land.
1. Carbon sequestration are decreasing (Chambers et al. 2014)
2. Land Erosion (Sirianni and Comas, 2020)
Title: Sea Level Rise affects the Everglades Ecosystem and Restoration Plan
I. Introduction
A. Changes in precipitation, temperature, and sea level will affect the Everglades Ecosystem. (Nungesser et al. 2015)
B. Damage to the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan to restore fresh water.
(Aumen et al. 2015)
C. Hypothesis: “Sea level rise caused by global warming is reducing
sawgrass populations, enabling intrusion of mangroves, and damaging the
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. This is in turn causing
animal populations to decrease or disperse, and ecosystem services to be
lost.”
II. Sea level rise is reducing sawgrass populations and ecosystem functions
A. Abundance of salt water will eat away the saw grass in the famous “river of grass” and lower their population.
1. Salinity reduces saw grass germination (Pulido et al. 2020)
2. Reduced root biomass (Charles et al. 2019)
3. Ecosystem function/ services (Bansal et al. 2019)
B. Will lead to peat soil being destroyed, peat soil is important for the wetlands elevation.
1. Soil surface elevation (Howard et al. 2020)
2. Exposing wetlands soil (Servais et al. 2019)
3. Structure and function of sawgrass (environmental stress) (Servais et al.
2019)
C. Peat accumulation will lead to less carbon sequestration and erosion of land.
1. Carbon sequestration are decreasing (Chambers et al. 2014)
2. Land Erosion (Sirianni and Comas, 2020)
III. Sea level rise enables intrusion of mangroves
A. Mangroves prevent the intrusion of salt water to the everglades.
1. Mangrove dieback (Zhao et al. 2020)
2. Mangroves accommodate to sea level rise (Feher et al. 2020)
B. Mangroves prevent storm surges. (Jiang et al. 2014)
C. Enabling the intrusion of mangroves will prevent them from stabilizing the
coastline and reducing erosion. (Willard et al. 2011)
IV. Animal communities dependent on saw grass are changing in composition and function.
A. Loss of animal habitats Loss of suitable animal habitats (Catano et al. 2015)
B. Will decrease the amount of American crocodiles. Influence of salinity on American crocodiles (Mazzotti et al. 2019)
C. Damage to native and nonnative fish in the area.
Loss of fish density due to excess salinity (Romanach et al. 2019)
V. Specific local solutions involve modifications to the restoration plan
A. Modify the Restoration Plan
B. Increase amount of freshwater discharge through rivers
C. Raise freshwater levels near the coast
D. Freshwater storage
VI. Conclusion
A. Sea level rise is threating the Everglades, causing damage to the river of grass, negatively affecting the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, and causing the loss of its ecosystem.
B. Implementing ways of saving freshwater wetlands will benefit the Everglades and South Florida.
Works Cited
• Aumen, N.G., Havens, K.E., Best, G.R. et al. Predicting Ecological Responses of the Florida Everglades to Possible Future Climate Scenarios: Introduction.Environmental Management 55, 741–748 (2015). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00267-014-0439-z
• Bansal, S., Lishawa, S.C., Newman, S. et al. Typha (Cattail) Invasion in North American Wetlands: Biology, Regional Problems, Impacts, Ecosystem Services, and Management. Wetlands 39, 645–684 (2019). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s13157-019- 01174-7
• Catano, C.P., Romañach, S.S., Beerens, J.M. et al. Using Scenario Planning to Evaluate the Impacts of Climate Change on Wildlife Populations and Communities in the Florida Everglades. Environmental Management 55, 807–823 (2015). https://doi- org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00267-014-0397-5
• Chambers, L.G., Davis, S.E., Troxler, T. et al. Biogeochemical effects of simulated sea level rise on carbon loss in an Everglades mangrove peat soil. Hydrobiologia 726, 195–211 (2014). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10750-013-1764-6
• Charles, S.P., Kominoski, J.S., Troxler, T.G. et al. Experimental Saltwater Intrusion Drives Rapid Soil Elevation and Carbon Loss in Freshwater and Brackish Everglades Marshes. Estuaries and Coasts 42, 1868–1881 (2019). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s12237-019-00620-3
• Feher, L.C., Osland, M.J., Anderson, G.H. et al. The Long-Term Effects of Hurricanes Wilma and Irma on Soil Elevation Change in Everglades Mangrove Forests. Ecosystems 23, 917–931 (2020). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10021-019-00446-x
• Howard, R.J., From, A.S., Krauss, K.W. et al. Soil surface elevation dynamics in a mangrove-to- marsh ecotone characterized by vegetation shifts. Hydrobiologia 847, 1087–1106 (2020). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10750-019-04170-4
• Jiang, J., DeAngelis, D.L., Anderson, G.H. et al. Analysis and Simulation of Propagule Dispersal and Salinity Intrusion from Storm Surge on the Movement of a Marsh–Mangrove Ecotone in South Florida. Estuaries and Coasts 37, 24–35 (2014). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s12237- 013-9666-4
• Mazzotti, F. J., Smith, B. J., Squires, M. A., Cherkiss, M. S., Farris, S. C., Hackett, C., … Brandt, L. A. (2019). Influence of salinity on relative density of American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Everglades National Park: Implications for restoration of Everglades ecosystems. Ecological Indicators, 102, 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.03.002
• Nungesser, M., Saunders, C., Coronado-Molina, C. et al. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Florida’s Everglades. Environmental Management 55, 824–835 (2015). https://doi- org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00267-014-0417-5
• Pulido, C., Sebesta, N., & Richards, J. H. (2020). Effects of salinity on sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense Crantz) seed germination. Aquatic Botany, 166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2020.103277
• Romañach, S.S., Beerens, J.M., Patton, B.A. et al. Impacts of Saltwater Intrusion on Wetland Prey Production and Composition in a Historically Freshwater Marsh.Estuaries and Coasts 42, 1600– 1611 (2019). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s12237-019-00572-8
• Servais, S., Kominoski, J. S., Charles, S. P., Gaiser, E. E., Mazzei, V., Troxler, T. G., & Wilson, B. J. (2019). Saltwater intrusion and soil carbon loss: Testing effects of salinity and phosphorus loading on microbial functions in experimental freshwater wetlands. Geoderma, 337, 1291–1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.11.013
• Sirianni, M. J., & Comas, X. (2020). Changes in physical properties of Everglades peat soils induced by increased salinity at the laboratory scale: Implications for changes in biogenic gas dynamics. Water Resources Research, 56, e2019WR026144. https://doi- org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1029/2019WR026144
• Willard, D.A., Bernhardt, C.E. Impacts of past climate and sea level change on Everglades wetlands: placing a century of anthropogenic change into a late-Holocene context. Climatic Change 107, 59 (2011). https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10584-011-0078-9
• Zhao, X., Rivera-Monroy, V. H., Wang, H., Xue, Z. G., Tsai, C. F., Willson, C. S., … Twilley, R. R. (2020). Modeling soil porewater salinity in mangrove forests (Everglades, Florida, USA) impacted by hydrological restoration and a warming climate. Ecological Modelling, 436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109292
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