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UArizona Conformity Behaviors in Family Communication Patterns Theory Discussion
Do you ever wonder how and why you communicate with your family in the ways that you do? Every family unit has its own way of engagement and interaction. In this first forum for the week, you will have an opportunity to describe different ways in which your family communicates, using the course text and a scholarly source to assist you.
Read Chapter 10 from The Interpersonal Communication Book. In addition, utilize the University of Arizona Global Campus Library to retrieve one scholarly article (i.e., peer-reviewed source, such as a literature review, study, or professional critique) that discusses family communication.
Initial Post: Please prepare a 300-word minimum reply that sufficiently addresses each of the items below. Don’t forget that it is critical to cite your sources of information, including the textbook, using APA formatting.
1)Summarize your selected scholarly article and describe the impact of family on communication.
2)Which of the four communication patterns from the text can you identify that are most reflected in your family? Explain their impact as it relates to how your family communicates.
3)Why would it be important for a human services professional to understand how families interact, taking into consideration the different patterns and dynamics you’ve explored?
Required Text
1. DeVito, J.A. (2016). The interpersonal communication book (14th ed.). Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu
- Chapter 10: Interpersonal Relationship Types (pp. 251-282) Burrell, T. (2018).
- Burrell, T. (2018). Don’t interru.. New Scientist Archive, 237(3168), 34. Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/issues/
The full-text version of this article is available through University of Arizona Global Campus’ Proquest database. This article provides information about communication skills that will assist you in your assignment and discussions this week.
This is the full article: References
Burrell, T. (2018, March 10). Don’t interru… New Scientist, 237(3168).
Don’t interru…. By: Burrell, Teal, New Scientist, 02624079, , Vol. 237, Issue 3168Database:Business Insights Global
Don’t interru…: Fed up with people butting in? Teal Burrell reveals the surprising causes and how you can fight back
CONTENTS
- TYPES OF INTERRUPTION
- COOPERATIVE INTERRUPTIONS
- INTRUSIVE INTERRUPTIONS
- HOW TO INTERRUPT LIKE A BOSS
FULL TEXT
IT HAS happened to all of us. You’re in the middle of an important point, or reaching the climax of a humorous anecdote, and someone butts right in. You may jump back in to finish the story, indignantly stammer a few more words or quietly fume while the interrupter takes the floor, but the moment has passed: your eloquent point is lost, your story garbled.
Media reports tell us that men often interrupt and “mansplain” things to women — last month, Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau got unflattering attention for doing so — and stereotypes would have us believe that people from some countries are more likely to jump in than those from others. But take a closer look at how interruptions play out and things aren’t always what they seem. Figure out why and how people interrupt and you might find yourself more forgiving of the big mouth who stole your moment or better placed to avoid it happening again.
Let’s start with the oft-cited finding that men are much quicker to interrupt and talk over women than the other way round. Media reports aside, the original research backing up this idea comes from the 1970s. It showed that, in covertly recorded conversations between men and women in the US, the men cut in 46 out of 48 times. And a 2014 study found that men and women both interrupted women more than they did men.
But psychologist Ann Weatherall at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand says the early studies counted all overlapping speech, skewing the results. “Sometimes people overlap and it’s not interruptive at all,” she says. It is also hard to know whether men interrupt because of their gender or their status, she says, with men more often holding positions of power.
To try and disentangle the relationship between gender, status and interrupting, Tonja Jacobi and Dylan Schweers at Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law in Chicago took their research to the US Supreme Court, in a manner of speaking. In this arena, where nine justices must together reach a decision, the ability to dominate the floor can determine the fate of a case.
By documenting court hearings, Jacobi and Schweers found that interrupting was indeed highly gendered, regardless of whether a woman was in a more senior role. Male justices interrupted female justices three times as often as the reverse. Female justices were also interrupted three times more than their male colleagues by male lawyers arguing the cases, despite clear rules against doing so to justices. “Even when women reach such a high pinnacle in their profession, they are interrupted by men, not only their colleagues, but also their explicit subordinates,” says Jacobi.
So it seems women, at least supreme court justices, have to fight to be heard. But accepted wisdom about interruptions goes beyond gender. Generalisations abound in popular culture and the scientific literature about nationalities too. Italians are famed for animated discussion, with people talking over each other, and Japanese speakers are reported to leave long gaps between each person’s turn in a conversation. It is a similar story if you offer Swedish visitors a cup of tea, says Nick Enfield at the University of Sydney. “Ethnographers would write that in Scandinavian conversations one might wait a whole minute before a response,” he says.
To find out if there is any truth to these potentially offensive stereotypes, Enfield and his colleagues analysed hours of videotape of natural conversations between people speaking in 10 languages over five continents.
We know that English speakers don’t wait for a distinct pause in the conversation to take turns speaking, but instead rely on grammar and other signals in speech such as intonation to know when it is their go. The ideal is to avoid both gaps and overlaps — in everyday speech, English speakers are actually finely honed in the skill of not-interrupting. Is this turn-taking system any different elsewhere?
What Enfield’s team found challenged all their preconceptions. The English speakers took about 240 milliseconds between speaking turns, whereas Danes waited nearly half a second and Japanese were quickest to respond, jumping in after just 7 milliseconds. “What surprised us was how small the differences were,” says Enfield. In fact, they were so tiny, the team concluded that this finely tuned ability to take turns without talking over each other or waiting too long is universal across languages, geography and culture. Because it is so widespread, this ability may even provide clues about the earliest social interactions from which all languages were built.
So if speakers of certain languages are no more likely to interrupt, where do these ideas come from? Enfield thinks it boils down to subjective experience. “Even though the difference between average response across the cultures is tiny in terms of clock time, we are exquisitely sensitive to timing in conversation,” he says. We are so fine-tuned to the tempo of languages we speak, we feel these tiny differences to be much longer, or shorter, than they are.
Inevitably, that can lead to interruptions. “Any time two people are speaking that have a different sense of how long of a pause is normal, the one who is expecting the longer pause will get interrupted,” says Deborah Tannen, who studies linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington DC. She has found that New Yorkers inferred Californians had nothing to say because of their supposedly long pauses, while Californians felt they couldn’t get a word in. Moreover, New Yorkers tended to jump in, assuming the other person would stop them if they weren’t finished. So next time someone speaks out of turn, remember they might just be experiencing a language-induced time warp.
You could also consider their reasons for interrupting, which do seem to vary across cultures. According to work by Han Li at the University of Northern British Columbia in Canada, Chinese people tend to interrupt each other more often with “cooperative interruptions”, such as agreeing with what was said or providing assistance with a word or idea, than with “intrusive interruptions”, such as attempts to steal the floor or change the subject (see “Types of interruption”, below).
In comparison, Canadians used intrusive interruptions slightly more than cooperative ones, although the difference wasn’t significant. The contrast may be because Chinese culture is more collective, rather than individualistic like Western culture, and cooperative interruption is a way of working together to facilitate the conversation. Studies of Thai and Japanese speakers have revealed similar patterns to those of Chinese people.
Men and women also use different types of interruptions when talking to their same-sex peers. Tannen counted more interruptions in women-only conversations compared with men-only conversations, but women interrupted each other to agree and build on the point being made, rather than to argue or change the topic. “Two people talking at the same time can be positive, it can show positive engagement with what somebody else is saying,” says Weatherall, like when couples finish each other’s sentences. Besides, interruptions are a part and parcel of our conversations. “A lively conversation is one where everybody’s jumping in,” says Tannen.
Interrupting starts at an early age. In a 1990 review, Eleanor Maccoby at Stanford University in California wrote that by early school years in the US, boys are already more likely to interrupt one another, while girls are more likely to acknowledge what someone has said or pause to let another girl speak.
Understanding the differences in styles is a good first step to conversational harmony. “The solution is for us to become more aware of the workings of conversations so that we can overcome our instinct to quickly jump to conclusions about the intentions of others,” says Enfield. People who respond quickly aren’t pushy, people who respond slowly aren’t docile, and someone may leap in to show interest, not to take over.
Men may not be conscious of interrupting women, so awareness can help there too. Since her study was published, Jacobi has noticed chief justice John Roberts give the floor back to women more often than before (although she hasn’t formally quantified this). “It looks like the court actually paid attention to this and that it wasn’t deliberate,” says Jacobi. She also notes that the research has made her male co-authors realise how often they interrupt women. “The traditional power dynamic is just so engrained in us that men just think it’s natural that they interrupt women,” she says. “A lot of times, it’s just a matter of realising they’re doing it.”
TYPES OF INTERRUPTION
Interruptions aren’t always bad news. Building on the work of others, Han Li at the University of Northern British Columbia in Canada created the following categories:
COOPERATIVE INTERRUPTIONS
Agreement: Shows support or elaborates on the speaker’s idea.
Assistance: Provides a word or phrase the speaker was searching for.
Clarification: Asks for an explanation of something just said.
INTRUSIVE INTERRUPTIONS
Disagreement: Jumps in to voice a different opinion.
Floor taking: Takes over the conversation, but stays on the same subject.
Topic change: Cuts in to change the subject.
Summarisation: Paraphrases the speaker’s point, often minimising it.
HOW TO INTERRUPT LIKE A BOSS
Sometimes you need to cut in. “When what you’re doing in a particular social interaction requires holding the floor, then interrupting is part and parcel of that activity,” says Ann Weatherall at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. So how best to do it?
Don’t bother raising your hand. Research shows that the longer women serve on the US Supreme Court, the more they learn to just jump in — as their male peers do. This strategy is viewed more negatively when women do it than men, but Deborah Tannen at Georgetown University in Washington DC, says it is a trade-off women sometimes have to make.
Once you have the floor, there are tricks to keeping it. Speak more quickly than feels natural, and if you get interrupted, Weatherall advises saying, “Let me finish,” speaking loudly or using phrases to fill pauses. “Don’t stop, just keep going,” says Tannen.
PHOTO (COLOR)
~~~~~~~~
By Teal Burrell
Teal Burrell is a writer based in Richmond, Virginia
Copyright of New Scientist is the property of New Scientist Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.Don’t interru…. By: Burrell, Teal, New Scientist, 02624079, , Vol. 237, Issue 3168Database:Business Insights Global
Don’t interru…: Fed up with people butting in? Teal Burrell reveals the surprising causes and how you can fight back
CONTENTS
- TYPES OF INTERRUPTION
- COOPERATIVE INTERRUPTIONS
- INTRUSIVE INTERRUPTIONS
- HOW TO INTERRUPT LIKE A BOSS
FULL TEXT
IT HAS happened to all of us. You’re in the middle of an important point, or reaching the climax of a humorous anecdote, and someone butts right in. You may jump back in to finish the story, indignantly stammer a few more words or quietly fume while the interrupter takes the floor, but the moment has passed: your eloquent point is lost, your story garbled.
Media reports tell us that men often interrupt and “mansplain” things to women — last month, Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau got unflattering attention for doing so — and stereotypes would have us believe that people from some countries are more likely to jump in than those from others. But take a closer look at how interruptions play out and things aren’t always what they seem. Figure out why and how people interrupt and you might find yourself more forgiving of the big mouth who stole your moment or better placed to avoid it happening again.
Let’s start with the oft-cited finding that men are much quicker to interrupt and talk over women than the other way round. Media reports aside, the original research backing up this idea comes from the 1970s. It showed that, in covertly recorded conversations between men and women in the US, the men cut in 46 out of 48 times. And a 2014 study found that men and women both interrupted women more than they did men.
But psychologist Ann Weatherall at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand says the early studies counted all overlapping speech, skewing the results. “Sometimes people overlap and it’s not interruptive at all,” she says. It is also hard to know whether men interrupt because of their gender or their status, she says, with men more often holding positions of power.
To try and disentangle the relationship between gender, status and interrupting, Tonja Jacobi and Dylan Schweers at Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law in Chicago took their research to the US Supreme Court, in a manner of speaking. In this arena, where nine justices must together reach a decision, the ability to dominate the floor can determine the fate of a case.
By documenting court hearings, Jacobi and Schweers found that interrupting was indeed highly gendered, regardless of whether a woman was in a more senior role. Male justices interrupted female justices three times as often as the reverse. Female justices were also interrupted three times more than their male colleagues by male lawyers arguing the cases, despite clear rules against doing so to justices. “Even when women reach such a high pinnacle in their profession, they are interrupted by men, not only their colleagues, but also their explicit subordinates,” says Jacobi.
So it seems women, at least supreme court justices, have to fight to be heard. But accepted wisdom about interruptions goes beyond gender. Generalisations abound in popular culture and the scientific literature about nationalities too. Italians are famed for animated discussion, with people talking over each other, and Japanese speakers are reported to leave long gaps between each person’s turn in a conversation. It is a similar story if you offer Swedish visitors a cup of tea, says Nick Enfield at the University of Sydney. “Ethnographers would write that in Scandinavian conversations one might wait a whole minute before a response,” he says.
To find out if there is any truth to these potentially offensive stereotypes, Enfield and his colleagues analysed hours of videotape of natural conversations between people speaking in 10 languages over five continents.
We know that English speakers don’t wait for a distinct pause in the conversation to take turns speaking, but instead rely on grammar and other signals in speech such as intonation to know when it is their go. The ideal is to avoid both gaps and overlaps — in everyday speech, English speakers are actually finely honed in the skill of not-interrupting. Is this turn-taking system any different elsewhere?
What Enfield’s team found challenged all their preconceptions. The English speakers took about 240 milliseconds between speaking turns, whereas Danes waited nearly half a second and Japanese were quickest to respond, jumping in after just 7 milliseconds. “What surprised us was how small the differences were,” says Enfield. In fact, they were so tiny, the team concluded that this finely tuned ability to take turns without talking over each other or waiting too long is universal across languages, geography and culture. Because it is so widespread, this ability may even provide clues about the earliest social interactions from which all languages were built.
So if speakers of certain languages are no more likely to interrupt, where do these ideas come from? Enfield thinks it boils down to subjective experience. “Even though the difference between average response across the cultures is tiny in terms of clock time, we are exquisitely sensitive to timing in conversation,” he says. We are so fine-tuned to the tempo of languages we speak, we feel these tiny differences to be much longer, or shorter, than they are.
Inevitably, that can lead to interruptions. “Any time two people are speaking that have a different sense of how long of a pause is normal, the one who is expecting the longer pause will get interrupted,” says Deborah Tannen, who studies linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington DC. She has found that New Yorkers inferred Californians had nothing to say because of their supposedly long pauses, while Californians felt they couldn’t get a word in. Moreover, New Yorkers tended to jump in, assuming the other person would stop them if they weren’t finished. So next time someone speaks out of turn, remember they might just be experiencing a language-induced time warp.
You could also consider their reasons for interrupting, which do seem to vary across cultures. According to work by Han Li at the University of Northern British Columbia in Canada, Chinese people tend to interrupt each other more often with “cooperative interruptions”, such as agreeing with what was said or providing assistance with a word or idea, than with “intrusive interruptions”, such as attempts to steal the floor or change the subject (see “Types of interruption”, below).
In comparison, Canadians used intrusive interruptions slightly more than cooperative ones, although the difference wasn’t significant. The contrast may be because Chinese culture is more collective, rather than individualistic like Western culture, and cooperative interruption is a way of working together to facilitate the conversation. Studies of Thai and Japanese speakers have revealed similar patterns to those of Chinese people.
Men and women also use different types of interruptions when talking to their same-sex peers. Tannen counted more interruptions in women-only conversations compared with men-only conversations, but women interrupted each other to agree and build on the point being made, rather than to argue or change the topic. “Two people talking at the same time can be positive, it can show positive engagement with what somebody else is saying,” says Weatherall, like when couples finish each other’s sentences. Besides, interruptions are a part and parcel of our conversations. “A lively conversation is one where everybody’s jumping in,” says Tannen.
Interrupting starts at an early age. In a 1990 review, Eleanor Maccoby at Stanford University in California wrote that by early school years in the US, boys are already more likely to interrupt one another, while girls are more likely to acknowledge what someone has said or pause to let another girl speak.
Understanding the differences in styles is a good first step to conversational harmony. “The solution is for us to become more aware of the workings of conversations so that we can overcome our instinct to quickly jump to conclusions about the intentions of others,” says Enfield. People who respond quickly aren’t pushy, people who respond slowly aren’t docile, and someone may leap in to show interest, not to take over.
Men may not be conscious of interrupting women, so awareness can help there too. Since her study was published, Jacobi has noticed chief justice John Roberts give the floor back to women more often than before (although she hasn’t formally quantified this). “It looks like the court actually paid attention to this and that it wasn’t deliberate,” says Jacobi. She also notes that the research has made her male co-authors realise how often they interrupt women. “The traditional power dynamic is just so engrained in us that men just think it’s natural that they interrupt women,” she says. “A lot of times, it’s just a matter of realising they’re doing it.”
TYPES OF INTERRUPTION
Interruptions aren’t always bad news. Building on the work of others, Han Li at the University of Northern British Columbia in Canada created the following categories:
COOPERATIVE INTERRUPTIONS
Agreement: Shows support or elaborates on the speaker’s idea.
Assistance: Provides a word or phrase the speaker was searching for.
Clarification: Asks for an explanation of something just said.
INTRUSIVE INTERRUPTIONS
Disagreement: Jumps in to voice a different opinion.
Floor taking: Takes over the conversation, but stays on the same subject.
Topic change: Cuts in to change the subject.
Summarisation: Paraphrases the speaker’s point, often minimising it.
HOW TO INTERRUPT LIKE A BOSS
Sometimes you need to cut in. “When what you’re doing in a particular social interaction requires holding the floor, then interrupting is part and parcel of that activity,” says Ann Weatherall at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. So how best to do it?
Don’t bother raising your hand. Research shows that the longer women serve on the US Supreme Court, the more they learn to just jump in — as their male peers do. This strategy is viewed more negatively when women do it than men, but Deborah Tannen at Georgetown University in Washington DC, says it is a trade-off women sometimes have to make.
Once you have the floor, there are tricks to keeping it. Speak more quickly than feels natural, and if you get interrupted, Weatherall advises saying, “Let me finish,” speaking loudly or using phrases to fill pauses. “Don’t stop, just keep going,” says Tannen.
PHOTO (COLOR)
~~~~~~~~
By Teal Burrell
Teal Burrell is a writer based in Richmond, Virginia
Copyright of New Scientist is the property of New Scientist Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
ARTICLE
1. Burrell, T. (2018). Don’t interru.. New Scientist Archive, 237(3168), 34. Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/issues/
- The full-text version of this article is available through University of Arizona Global Campus’ Proquest database. This article provides information about communication skills that will assist you in your assignment and discussions this week.
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