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Twenty city firefighters alleged that the city discriminated against them with regard to promotions. The firefighters, nineteen of whom are white and one of whom is Hispanic, had all passed the test for promotions to management. City officials invalidated the test results because none of the African American firefighters who passed the exam had scored high enough to be considered for the positions. They stated that they feared a lawsuit over the test’s adverse impact on a protected minority.

Q1: Was there discrimination against the twenty firefighters? Why?

Q2: If you were the judge, what rulings would you have issued?