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2.5 PointsWhat is a circumpolar star?

1. a star that makes a daily circle around the celestial sphere
2. a star that is visible from the Arctic or Antarctic circles
3. a star that is close to the south celestial pole
4. a star that always remains above your horizon
5. a star that is close to the north celestial pole

2.5 PointsBy locating the north celestial pole (NCP) in the sky, how can you determine your latitude?

1. The altitude of the NCP is the same as your distance from the North Pole.
2. The altitude of the NCP is the same as your latitude.
3. The direction of the NCP is the same as your latitude.
4. The direction of the NCP is the angular distance from the North Pole.
5. The altitude of the NCP is your angular distance from the North Pole.

2.5 PointsWhat conditions are required for a solar eclipse?

1. The phase of the Moon must be full, and the nodes of the Moon’s orbit must be nearly aligned with Earth and the Sun.
2. The phase of the Moon must be new, and the nodes of the Moon’s orbit must be nearly aligned with Earth and the Sun.
3. The phase of the Moon must be full, and the Moon’s orbital plane must lie in the ecliptic.
4. The phase of the Moon can be new or full, and the nodes of the Moon’s orbit must be nearly aligned with Earth and the Sun.
5. The phase of the Moon must be new, and the Moon’s orbital plane must lie in the ecliptic.

2.5 PointsWhen are eclipse seasons?

1. when Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are exactly aligned for an eclipse
2. in the summer and winter
3. during an eclipse
4. in the spring and fall
5. when the nodes of the Moon’s orbit are nearly aligned with the Sun

2.5 PointsWhat do astronomers mean by a constellation?

1. A constellation is a region in the sky as seen from Earth.
2. A constellation is a group of stars that are all located in about the same place in space.
3. A constellation is any random grouping of stars in the sky.
4. A constellation is a group of stars related through an ancient story.

2.5 PointsWhat is the ecliptic?

1. the path traced by the Moon’s shadow on Earth during a solar eclipse
2. the Sun’s daily path from east to west in our sky
3. the path the Sun appears to trace around the celestial sphere each year
4. a half-circle extending from your horizon due north, through your zenith, to your horizon due south

2.5 PointsWhich of the following best describes why we have seasons on Earth?

1. The tilt of Earth’s axis causes the northern hemisphere to be closer to the Sun than the southern hemisphere in summer, and vice versa in winter.
2. The varying speed of Earth in its orbit around the Sun gives us summer when we are moving fastest and winter when we are moving slowest.
3. The tilt of Earth’s axis causes different portions of the Earth to receive more or less direct sunlight at different times of year.
4. Earth’s elliptical orbit means we are closer to the Sun and therefore receive more intense sunlight at some times of year than at others.

2.5 PointsWhen an electron drops to a lower energy level in an atom,

1. the extra energy disappears.
2. the electron becomes more massive.
3. light at a wavelength specific to the change in energy levels is emitted.
4. the atom moves more slowly.

2.5 PointsWhich of the following observational techniques is most appropriate for measuring Doppler shifts?

1. spectroscopy (taking a spectrum)
2. timing (measuring how the amount of light changes with time)
3. imaging (taking a picture)

2.5 PointsWhat do astronomers mean by light pollution?

1. Light pollution means contamination of light caused by chemicals in the Earth’s atmosphere.
2. Light pollution is a type of air pollution created by lightweight gases such as hydrogen and helium.
3. Light pollution is light from human sources that makes it difficult to see the stars at night.
4. Light pollution is a term used to describe the appearance of the sky in regions that are crowded with stars.

2.5 PointsFrom laboratory measurements, we know that a particular spectral line formed by hydrogen appears at a wavelength of 121.6 nanometers (nm). The spectrum of a particular star shows the same hydrogen line appearing at a wavelength of 121.8 nm. What can we conclude?

1. The star is getting hotter.
2. The star is moving away from us.
3. The “star” actually is a planet.
4. The star is moving toward us.
5. The star is getting colder.

2.5 PointsWhat is the purpose of adaptive optics?

1. It allows ground-based telescopes to observe ultraviolet light that normally does not penetrate the atmosphere.
2. It is a special technology that allows the Hubble Space Telescope to adapt to study many different types of astronomical objects.
3. It allows several small telescopes to work together like a single larger telescope.
4. It reduces blurring caused by atmospheric turbulence for telescopes on the ground.

2.5 PointsLaboratory measurements show hydrogen produces a spectral line at a wavelength of 486.1 nanometers (nm). A particular star’s spectrum shows the same hydrogen line at a wavelength of 486.0 nm. What can we conclude?

1. The star is moving away from us.
2. The star is getting hotter.
3. The star is moving toward us.
4. The star is getting colder.

2.5 PointsThe astronauts feel weightless in the International Space Station, which orbits the Earth once every 90 minutes. Why?

1. because the gravity from the Moon cancels out the gravity from Earth
2. because they are moving so fast
3. because there is no gravity in space
4. because they and the space station are both falling around the Earth

2.5 PointsWhat is the acceleration of gravity at the surface of Earth?

1. 9.8 m/s2 downward
2. 9.8 km/s2 downward
3. 9.8 m/s downward
4. 9.8 m2/s downward
5. 9.8 km/s downward

2.5 PointsNewton’s Second Law of Motion tells us that the net force applied to an object equals its ________.

1. mass times acceleration
2. mass times energy
3. mass times velocity
4. momentum times velocity

2.5 PointsSpeed and velocity are the same thing.

1. True
2. False

2.5 PointsNewton’s second law states: sum of forces = mass × acceleration. According to this, what property can you determine if you observe the acceleration of an object with a known mass?

1. the sum total of all forces acting on the object
2. the current velocity of the object.
3. the value of a single force acting on the object
4. the current location of the object

2.5 PointsHe discovered that the orbits of planets are ellipses.

1. Tycho Brahe
2. Ptolemy
3. Galileo
4. Copernicus
5. Kepler

2.5 PointsWhen Copernicus first created his Sun-centered model of the universe, it did not lead to substantially better predictions of planetary positions than the Ptolemaic model. Why not?

1. Copernicus placed the planets in the wrong order going outward from the Sun.
2. Copernicus used perfect circles for the orbits of the planets.
3. Copernicus misjudged the distances between the planets.
4. 
   
   

   1. 
      
      Copernicus placed the Sun at the center, but did not realize that the Moon orbits the Earth.