Applied Sciences homework help

/in /by
 

Assignment Content

  1. This week you will consider supporting Great Day Fitness Tracking in the age of big data and the capabilities and potential benefits of using business intelligence. Consider the overall use of information systems, including BI applications in support of decision-making and marketing.
    Create a 2- to 3-page report in Microsoft® Word to explain to Karen about this technology, specifying how business intelligence can use data collected from business applications to improve Great Day Fitness Tracking’s competitiveness.
    Format your assignment according to APA guidelines.

Applied Sciences homework help

/in /by

-1-2 page add to this paper
-Make sure to discuss both the main strengths and weaknesses of the study (and justification of why they are so).
 
Classification of BRCA1 Variants with Saturation Genome Editing
Authors: Findlay GM, Daza RM, Martin B, Zhang MD, Leith AP, Gasperini M, Janizek JD, Huang X, Starita LM, Shendure J. 2018. Accurate classification of BRCA1 variants with saturation genome editing. Nature. 562(7726): 217-222.
Introduction
The advancement in technology has enhanced gene sequencing, thereby shedding light on the role of genetically inherited mutations. The rare, pathogenic diseases and dual functional disorders caused molecule characterization and derived gene information.
The testing for Cancer risk assessment has been of high interest for many scientists. Many clinicians and geneticists started to be concerned about the genetic variant found in cancer patients and the relatable people (Federici and Soddu 2020).
Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) have been found to limit the genetic information’s clinical utility fundamentally. BRCA1 neutralizes the impact they cause in the genetic information, a tumor moderator in which the sprouts functionally lose the variant. Therefore, most develop cancer of the ovary and the breast. In this case, a saturation of the genome editing assay of 96.5% of all possible single nucleotide variants (SNVs) was employed with 13 exons.
This article summarizes the findings, methods, evaluation, and utility of the results and their possible applications from this respect.
Q1. Summary of the findings
Almost all the genes in the HDR pathway of BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, and BARD1 in the hereditary cancer were predisposed and critical in the human haploid cell line HAP1. The change was confirmed by transferring the cells of plasmodia HAP1 cells with Cas9 and controlled by RNAs, aiming to target each of the genes. Besides, the was experienced high death of the cells within the light of microscopy and the luminescence-based survival assay of a gene that substantially reduced the HAP1 cells’ viability.
Conversely, this technology’s most essential advent is introducing the NGS cancer investigation that created the paradoxical shortage of the answers to face and a massive quantity of information from the high-throughput technology (Morash et al. 2018).
Similarly, it was found that cell death is consequent to the targeted sequence of the BRACA1 genes mutated and expressed a widespread selection against the frameshifting of the indels. Thus, these findings overall give the necessity for the HDR pathways of the cells.
Methods 
HDR Pathway Essential Analysis of HAP1 cells
Here, through induced pluripotent stem cell factors to the KBM7 cells, the HAP1 cells are essentially derived. The HAP1 gene was essentially obtained from the resulted scores and filtered with the genes’ insertions more than 20 mapped in the gene trap insertions (N=14306). Additionally, the Gene Ontology (GO) was recombined with the homologous 78 HDR genes, where 66 were taken from the total 14306 genes and used in the analysis. The genes’ ranking was done by an ordered value of (q-value) representing the low to high, and the other proportion was a trap in the gene orientation.

  1. gRNA design and cloning

The cloning of gRNAs used in the SGE critically experimented with PX459 and all the CRISPR. This resulted in a plasmid expressing the gRNA from the U6 promoter with Cas9-2A puromycin included.  Later, the targeted Cas9 was chosen from the SGE, and an experiment was carried out in the following criteria. They were inducing cleavage within BARCA1 through a coding sequence, targeting the genomic site permissive to a more synonymous. Induction within the guanine dinucleotide of the protospacer or the PAM, and finally having a targeted maximal and minimal predicted off the activity.

  1. HAP1 Cell Culture

This method comprised the use of standardized dominance of the WT HAP1 cells for example the Haplogens and the Horizon. The modified Medium of Iscove Dulbecco’s and L-glutamine, and 25Mm HEPES, are required to supplement 10 percent of fetal serum. Similarly, the method requires 1 percent of the penicillin-streptomycin (GIBCO). A plate with a temperature of 37C is set with a 5% circulation of CO2. Before it becomes confluent, the air is passed and so that the cells are washed once. Therefore, to sort out the affected population of cells before transfection, DNA is washed with Hoechst 34580(BD Biosciences) at 5ug/ml for approximately one hour at a temperature of about 37C. The FACS is carried out to separate 1-2×106 cells from the Hoechst peak low intensity.
Evaluation of the Study 
The study forms one of the most important clinical studies target to help over 2500 variants of unknown significance for the BRCA1 gene. From the recent publications, the paper records deleterious BRACA1 variants. This technique is crucial in modifying the BRCA1 gene in HAP1 cells, the cells dependent on the functional BRCA1 gene for growth, which helps the mutations and the assessment of which are not applicable (Adamovich 2019).
The Utility of Findings and Possible Applications 
Ataxia –Telangiectasia, the ATM gene, is one significant neoplastic utility have found in the paper. The ATM gene is a rare autosomal receptor of genetic diseases generally caused by biallelic mutations. It is determined at the early stages of the disorder, marked by the cerebellar ataxia, immunodeficiency, and predisposition to cancer. ATM gene is a VUS utility applied in the Mutations causing A-T severe loss of function due to the severe truncation of proteins with many variants.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
References
Adamovich AI. 2019. Functional analysis of BARD1 and BRCA1 variants of uncertain significance in homology-directed repair. (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).
Federici G, Soddu S. 2020. Variants of uncertain significance in the era of high-throughput genome sequencing: a lesson from breast and ovary cancers. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 39(1), 1-12.
Findlay GM, Daza RM, Martin B, Zhang MD, Leith AP, Gasperini M, Janizek JD, Huang X
Starita LM, Shendure J. 2018. Accurate classification of BRCA1 variants with saturation genome editing. Nature. 562(7726): 217–222.
HHS Public Access: Accurate classification of BRCA1 variants with saturation genome editing. [accessed 2020 Oct. 22] file:///C:/Users/PC/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp3_archive%20(12).zip/2018_AccurateClassificationofBRCA1VariantswithSaturation.pdf.
Morash M, Mitchell H, Beltran H, Elemento O, Pathak J. 2018. The role of next-generation sequencing in precision medicine: A review of outcomes in oncology. J Pers Med. 8(3): E30.
 
 
 
 

Applied Sciences homework help

/in /by

remove plagiarism and sort grammar issues
 
Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Prevention in Women Ages 45 or Older
 
 
 
 
 
Abstract
Moderate alcohol intake is associated with around 30-50% high risks in breast cancers. Cohort and case-control studies provided data to support modest increases. Recent epidemiologic and molecular cancer biology studies have crucial evidence that supports the association between alcohol intake and breast cancer risk is real and not endorsed by correlation of the studies’ exposures, factors, and outcomes. The reviews of women who carried BRCA1 and 2 gene mutations are not at increased risk of breast cancer. Heart disease incidence is more significant than breast cancer. Modest alcohol intake could reduce the risk of heart diseases; the latest evidence to evaluate if alcohol intake reduction and prevention should focus on women at increased risk of breast cancer. Most evidence has shown the effects of alcohol intake on breast tumor recurrence and survival rates for patients diagnosed with breast cancer.

Introduction  
Breast cancers are diseases in breast cells that grow uncontrollably and are many subtypes of breast cancer, based on specific cells in the breasts develop into cancers. The breasts have three main parts: ducts, lobules, and connective tissue (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2020). Breast cancers may form in different parts of the breast. Moreover, breast cancers have occurred in women 45 years old or older and grow in the ducts or lobules. The two primary common types of breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. Invasive ductal carcinoma cells can extend outside the ducts into other parts of the breast tissues and metastasize to other organs’ parts of the body.
Invasive lobular carcinoma cells grow from the lobules to the breast tissues locally and spread to other body organs. Each year in the U.S., approximately 250,000 breast cancer cases are newly diagnosed in women, and about 42,000 die each year from breast cancers. African American women have higher rates of death than White women from breast cancers. Studies have shown that women’s risks for breast cancers are factors, including getting older, being a woman, and alcohol intake (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2020).
Alcohol intake is associated with breast cancer risks with a 7-10 percent increase in risk for each 10g (~1 drink) daily alcohol intake by women over 45. Breast cancer risk significantly increases by 4-15 percent for a small number of alcohol intakes (≤1 drink per day or ≤12.5g per day) that do not increase cancer risks in other organs in women (McDonald et al. 2004).
Alcohol intake raises both public health and medical concerns because almost half of the women of childbearing age drink alcoholic beverages and 15 percent of female drinkers at these ages have at least four or more drinks at a time.  Around 4-10 percent of female breast cancers in the U.S. are attributable to alcohol intake, accounting for 9000-23,000 newly diagnosed invasive breast cancers every year. Having risk factors does not reply; an individual will have a disease, and all risk factors do not have the same effects (Morch et al. 2007).
Therefore, a better understanding of how alcohol intake may increase breast cancer risk is needed to prevent breast cancers in these groups.
Alcohol Intake Related to Genes and Breast Cancers
Ethanol can metabolize by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to Acetaldehyde (AA) and can remove by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) to acetate. The genes, which encode for ALDH and ADH are polymorphic. The enzymes they encode to determine a rate of ethanol metabolisms and concentrations of intermediate metabolites, including a carcinogenic AA (Scoccianti et al. 2014).
Suppose associations between alcohol intake and breast cancer are attributable to an unmeasured confounder. In that case, we could not expect the strength of alcohol intake and breast cancer association to change based on the genotype of enzymes that regulate ethanol metabolisms unless a confounder is also mapped to a genotype. Modifications of alcohol intake and breast cancer association by enzymes’ activities could support evidence that associations are causal (Chen et al. 2011).
Moreover, AA could play a crucial role in alcohol-related carcinogenesis. Activities of gene encoding ADH determine levels. Some studies evaluated the effect modification of the association of breast cancer risk and alcohol intake by genes encoding ADH isozymes (Suzuki et al. 2005).
There are many classes of ADH genes in humans. It is a class I ADH isozymes that are involved in ethanol oxidations. Several genes, which encode these certain enzymes are ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C. ADH1B polymorphism is found mostly in Asians, and the genetic variants ADH1B have nearly 40 times more enzymatic activities than a wild-type ADH1B.
Therefore, having ADH1B causes prolonged exposure to AA and is thought to increases breast cancer risks. Some studies have reported that a type of ADH1B allele present modifies the association between alcohol intake and breast cancer (Coronado et al. 2011).
However, AA is responsible for side effects related to alcohol intake. Therefore, the homozygous recessive carrier of ADH1B has severe side effects from alcohol intake. They are alcohol abstainers, making this genotype less studied due to small numbers of alcohol intake. (Tjonneland et al. 2004). In addition to ADH1B, ADH1C also affects enzymatic activities, but to a lesser extent: ADH1C alleles have nearly 2.5 times more enzymatic activity than ADH1C. Polymorphisms in the ADH1C genes are mostly found in Whites than polymorphisms in ADH1B; they have been more studied in the US population.
In a population-based study, Terry et al. (2006) stated that there were 1,047 breast cancer patients and 1,101 controls; the authors found that ADH1C carriers who had moderate alcohol intake (15-30 grams per day) were at nearly two times risk of having breast cancer that to nondrinkers (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.10-3.54). These findings show the interaction of the ADH1C genotype with the alcohol-breast cancer association support that this association is causal.
Alcohol Intake and Breast Density
In addition to their metabolites’ carcinogenesis roles, alcohol may alter estrogen levels, causing to change in breast density, resulting in breast cancer risks. The breast cancer risks related to breast cancer hormone are mammographic density, connective and epithelial tissues in the breast. Greater density means a 4-6-fold increase in breast cancer risks. Additionally, alcohol intake has been linked to modifying the mammographic density in dose-response ways.
The correlations between alcohol intake and breast density provide more evidence that alcohol is linked to breast cancer.
Epidemiologic studies have applied different parameters to assess mammographic densities with previous research using qualitative measures, such as the Wolfe parenchymal patterns (Conroy et al. 2012).
Some frequently used qualitative measures in recent studies are BI-RADS (breast imaging reporting and data system) or applying the computer-based threshold measure program ranging from 0-100%. We can categorize breast density using Wolfe patterns into four types:

  • N1 (predominately fat)
  • P1 (ductal prominence in <25 percent of the breast)
  • P2 (ductal prominence in >25 percent of the breast)
  • DY (extensive dysplasia)

Previous studies have assessed breast densities using Wolfe patterns; one study by Jeon et al. (2011) stated a 30 percent prevalence rate related to high density and high alcohol intake. Another study by Yaghjyan et al. (2012) showed that the prevalence rate was 21percent (Table 1). The Wolfe patterns reflect significantly much more significant changes in density than other quantitative measures.
Table 1
Table1 shows study findings of an association between alcohol intake and mammographic density.

Authors and Year Recruited Year Study Population Age N Prevalence Results Adjustment
Jeon et al.
2011		 2008 Mammography
Screening
(Korea)		 40-80
mean 50.6		 516 30% of current/past
users		 Outcomes: BI-RADS (III/IV versus I/II)
Versus nonusers:
Current/past users OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.87- 2.14		 BMI, age,
Menopausal status, Family history, Ages
at menarche, parity, OC use, and
Educational background
Yaghjyan et al.
al. 2012		 1990-2008 Fernald
Community
Cohort (USA)		 mean 51.3 1125 21% users Outcomes: BI-RADS (IV versus I)
Versus nonusers:
users OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-2.8		 BMI, Age at mammogram, menopausal status, age
at menarche, age at first
birth, family history, and smoking history

 
Some previous studies examined alcohol intake, and breast density has found a positive association. The Minnesota breast cancer family study stated that a positive association between alcohol and high-density (Jeon et al. 2011).
In their study, Yaghjyan et al. (2012), the longitudinal Fernald Community cohort (N=1,125) study, using BIRADS to measure breast density, (N=11125). They found that breast density was linked to BMI at mammogram (P for trend<0.001), and parity (P for trend=0.02) and related to alcohol intake (users vs. nonusers: odds ratio 2.0, 95 percent confidence interval was 1.4-2.8). Alcohol intake was associated with breast density positively. The association was more significant in women with a family history of breast cancers (P<0.001) and women with previous HRT (hormone replacement therapy) (P<0.001). Parity was associated with breast density in most subsets, except premenopausal women and women with non-family history. The parity associations with breast density were greater in women with HRT history (P<0.001). Consideration on Alcohol Intake for Breast Cancer Prevention
According to the Healthy People 2020 initiative goals, one is to decrease an average alcohol intake annually by 10% over ten years. To meet a goal, public health and medical workers will need to develop an effective strategy to adjust alcohol drinking behaviors in women who drink over one drink per day. The national epidemiologic survey on alcohol intake and associated conditions (NESARC) reported that over three years, female drinkers were at baseline, 11 percent reported abstaining from alcohol intake in three years of study. In current woman drinkers who did not exceed drinking limits at baseline, 20 percent stated exceeding drinking limits in the past year. These results reflect that though alcohol intake trends may appear stable, women may change drinking habits. Epidemiologic evidence, complemented further by genetic factor studies and intermediate markers, suggests that alcohol intake may increase breast cancer risk. High alcohol intake has been linked to other health conditions, including liver diseases such as alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, high blood pressure and cardiomyopathy, and various types of cancers, such as pharynx, mouth, esophagus, larynx, and colon (Li et al. 2010)
Alcohol abuse could lead to crimes, accidents, and mental health issues. However, modest alcohol intake has lined to a low risk of CHD (coronary heart disease). In a meta-analysis, woman drinkers had a 29 percent reduced risk of CHD incidence and a 21 percent reduced risk of CHD mortality rate than non-drinkers.
According to the 2009-2010 NHANES study, over fifty percent of U.S. women were drinkers who had more than 12 drinks in the past year. Forty-one percent were moderate drinkers (≤7 drinks per week), and ten percent were heavy drinkers (>7 drinks per week). The prevalence rate of heavy drinking was greater in non-Hispanic white women (12%) compared to Non-Hispanic Black (7%) or Hispanic women (4%). In non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic groups, young adult women (20-39 years) tended to consume alcohol more than older women (≥60 years). Moreover, the prevention challenges in those women at great risk of breast cancer are that cardioprotective benefits of alcohol among women could be fewer consequences; however, the evidence has not supported that increased risk women of breast cancer who drink alcohol are at higher risk because of their alcohol intake (Li et al. 2010).
Furthermore, BRCA1 and 2 are the most well-known studies of genes affected by hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 and 2 genes may protect the individual from having a particular type of cancers; however, mutations in BRCA1 and 2 genes cause them not to work correctly; consequently, if a person inherits one of these gene mutations, you are more likely to have breast, ovarian cancers.
More studies have focused on women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations. In a large case-control study conducted in postmenopausal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene carriers (N=1,925), alcohol intake was not related to BRCA-associated with breast cancer (McCarty et al. 2012).
The BRCA gene studies have been retrospective, depending on their samplings, which could be affected by survivor bias. The low prevalence of BRCA gene carriers could limit the ability to detect alcohol and carrier status associations. Although the empirical evidence does not suggest that high-risk women have an increased risk of breast cancer from alcohol intake, prospective confirmation of study findings across women at a higher continuum of risk, including BRCA1 & 2 gene carriers, is needed.
Conclusion
Alcohol intake is associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. The association has been studied in cohort studies and case-control, reducing the likelihood of explaining selection biases. Effect modifications of this relationship by the ADH1C genotype, and the associations between alcohol intake and high breast density, provide more evidence to support the causal effect. Although all recent studies do not support increased breast cancer risks with heavy alcohol intake in women at high risk of breast cancer, prospective studies are needed to rule out biases. The well-known evidence suggests that increased risk women are not at increased risk from moderate alcohol intake. With the prevalence of alcoholic drinking in U.S. women, many could benefit from staying within the drinking guidelines of ≤1 drink per day for overall health to reduce breast cancer risk in 45 or older women.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
References
Chen WY, Rosner B, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Willett WC. 2011. Moderate alcohol consumption during adult life, drinking patterns, and breast cancer risk. JAMA. 306(17):1884–1890.
Coronado GD, Beasley J, Livaudais J. 2011. Alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer. Salud pública Méx. 53(5).
Conroy SM, Koga K, Woolcott CG, et al. Higher alcohol intake may modify the association between mammographic density and breast cancer: an analysis of three case-control studies. Cancer epidemiology. 2012;36(5):458–60.
Jeon JH, Kang JH, Kim Y, et al. 2011. Reproductive and Hormonal Factors Associated with Fatty or Dense Breast Patterns among Korean Women. Cancer research and treatment: official journal of Korean Cancer Association. 43(1):42–8.
Li CI, Chlebowski RT, Freiberg M, et al. 2010. Alcohol consumption and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by subtype: the women’s health initiative observational study. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 102(18):1422–1431.
Ma H, Malone KE, McDonald JA, Marchbanks PA, Ursin G, Strom BL, Simon MS, Sullivan-Halley J, Bernstein L, Lu Y. 2019. Pre-diagnosis alcohol consumption and mortality risk among black women and white women with invasive breast cancer. BMC Cancer.19: 800.
McCarty CA, Reding DJ, Commins J, et al. 2012. Alcohol, genetics, and risk of breast cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Breast cancer research and treatment. 133(2):785–92.
McDonald JA, Mandel MG, Marchbanks PA, Folger SG, Daling JR, Ursin G, Simon MS, Bernstein L, Strom BL, Norman SA, Malone KE, et al. 2004. Alcohol exposure and breast cancer: results of the women’s contraceptive and reproductive experiences study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 13(12).
Morch LS, Johansen D, Thygesen LC, et al. 2007. Alcohol drinking, consumption patterns and breast cancer among Danish nurses: a cohort study. Eur. J. Public Health. 17(6):624–629.
Petri AL, Tjonneland A, Gamborg M, et al. 2004. Alcohol intake, type of beverage, and risk of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 28(7):1084–1090.
Scoccianti C, Lauby-Secretan B, Bello P, Chajes V, Romieu I. 2014. Female breast cancer and alcohol consumption: a review of the literature. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 46(3) S16-S25.
Suzuki R, Ye W, Rylander-Rudqvist T, Saji S, Colditz GA, Wolk A. 2005. Alcohol and postmenopausal breast cancer risk defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a prospective cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 97(21):1601-8.
Terry MB, Gammon MD, Zhang FF, Knight JA, Wang Q, Britton JA, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM. 2006. ADH3 genotype, alcohol intake and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis. 27(4):840-7.
 
Tjonneland A, Christensen J, Thomsen BL, et al. 2004. Lifetime alcohol consumption and postmenopausal breast cancer rate in Denmark: a prospective cohort study. J. Nutr. 134(1):173–178.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Healthy People 2020. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. [Accessed November 2020]. http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=40#260956.
Yaghjyan L, Mahoney MC, Succop P, et al. 2012. Relationship between breast cancer risk factors and mammographic breast density in the Fernald Community Cohort. British Journal of cancer.106(5):996–1003.
 
 
 

Applied Sciences homework help

/in /by
COMPLETE THE ANSWER
 
Part I Find the number of the standards
 
Write the number of the standard that is being described. It can be from 1926 or the 1910 supplement in your OSHA CFR manual.
 
EXAMPLE: A competent person must perform frequent and regular inspections of the jobsite, tools, and equipment.
ANSWER: 1926.20 (b) (2)
 

  1. Laser unit in operation should be set up above employees’ heads.

 
 
 

  1. There shall be no cross connection between a system furnishing potable water and a system furnishing non potable water.

 
 
 

  1. A continuing and effective vermin control plan must be in place when the presence of vermin is detected.

 
 
 

  1. Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks or equivalent means, shall extend over the centerline of its support by at least 6 inches.

 
 
 

  1. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic shall be provided with and shall wear warning vests.

 
 
 

  1. Employees shall not be permitted under loads handled by lifting or digging equipment.

 
 

  1. Manufactured equipment that is used for excavation protective systems shall be used in a manner consistent with manufacturers’ recommendations.

 
 
 
 
 
 

  1. Wood platforms shall not be covered with opaque finishes.

 
 
 
 

  1. The use of repaired rope for suspension rope is prohibited.

 
 
 
 

  1. Gasoline powered equipment and hoists shall not be used on suspension scaffolds.

 
 
 
Part II

  1. Name four (4) things that employees who use scaffolds must be trained in and list the numbers of the standards in which they are found.

 
 
 
 
 
 

  1. Name three (3) topics in which employees who erect scaffold must be trained and list the number of the standard in which they are found.

 
 
 
 
 

  1. Name three (3) circumstances in which an employee must be retrained in the safe use of scaffolds and the number of the standard where the circumstances may be found.

 
 
 
 
 
Part III Multiple Choice
­­­______ 1. All scaffolds and scaffold components shall be capable of supporting:

    1. two times the maximum load
    2. three times the maximum load
    3. four times the maximum load
    4. six times the maximum load

 
 
 
 
______ 2. Scaffolds shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with their design.            The design shall be done by a:

  1. Supervisor
  2. Competent person
  3. Qualified person
  4. E & D director

 
 
_______ 3. The space between platform planks shall be no wider than:

  1. 1 inch
  2. 6 inches
  3. ¼ inch
  4. The width of a person’s foot

 
 
_______ 4. The minimum width of a scaffold platform is:

  1. 24 inches
  2. 60 inches
  3. 18 inches
  4. 30 inches

 
______ 5.  Unless guardrail systems and/or personal fall arrest systems are used the                maximum distance between the platform and the face of the work surface is:

  1. 8 inches
  2. 14 inches
  3. 12 inches
  4. 20 inches

 
 
 
_______ 6. Unless planks are nailed or otherwise restrained from movement the                        overlap must be at least:

  1. 6 inches
  2. 18 inches
  3. 12 inches
  4. 14 inches

 
________ 7.   Scaffold planks may be coated periodically with wood preservatives, fire                retardant finishes, and slip resistant finishes as long as the coatings:

  1. are not flammable
  2. have been approved by the company
  3. are not applied while the platforms are in use
  4. do not obscure the top or bottom surfaces

 
 
 
 
 
 
________ 8.    Scaffold components of different manufacturers shall not be intermixed                 unless:

  1. they can be attached using minimal force
  2. they have been approved by the company
  3. the components fit together without force
  4. no other equipment is available

 
 
________ 9.   Scaffolds shall bear on adequate firm foundations such as:

  1. boxes and barrels
  2. bricks
  3. base plates set on mudsills
  4. loose materials piled high enough to achieve level

 
 
________ 10.  Footings that scaffolds rest on shall be:
 

  1. level, sound, and rigid
  2. capable of supporting the loaded scaffold without settling or displacement
  3. constructed of a minimum 31-inch-long 2 x 10 lumber
  4. both a and b

 
________ 11.  Ladders or other means of acceptable access must be provided to                            scaffold platforms whenever the point of access is greater than:

  1. 22 inches
  2. 2 feet
  3. 16 ¾ inches
  4. 14 inches

 
________ 12.  Scaffold frames can be used as a means of access only if they:
 

  1. are specifically designed by the manufacturer and constructed for use as ladder rungs
  2. have no loose parts, that could interfere with the act of climbing
  3. have coupling pins that align the frames
  4. have cross braces fully installed

 
________ 13.   Cross braces can only be used as a means of access or egress when:

  1. no other means of access or egress is feasible
  2. employees have been trained in cross brace climbing
  3. the ladder access is more than 50 feet away
  4. cross braces should never be used for access and egress.

 
________ 14.  Scaffolds and scaffold components shall not be loaded in excess of                        their maximum intended loads as follows:

  1. light duty is not more than 25 PSF
  2. medium duty is no more than 50 psf
  3. heavy duty is no more than 75 psf
  4. all of the above

 
________ 15.  Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be inspected for visible                             defects by a competent person:

  1. before each work shift, and after any occurrence which could affect a scaffold’s structural integrity
  2. at the employer’s discretion
  3. every thirty days
  4. at regular intervals

 
________ 16.  When a scaffold is weakened to the point it cannot support 4 times the                   intended load, it shall be:

  1. immediately repaired or replaced
  2. braced to meet those provisions
  3. removed from service
  4. a,b, or c

 
______ 17.  The clearance between scaffolds and uninsulated power lines of less                       than 50 kv shall be:

  1. 3 feet
  2. 26 feet
  3. 10 feet
  4. 6 feet 6 inches

 
_______ 18.    Scaffolds shall be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the                 supervision and direction of:

  1. more than one person
  2. a foreman
  3. a competent person qualified in scaffold erection, moving, dismantling, or alteration using only trained erectors
  4. a person experienced in scaffold erection, moving, dismantling, and alteration

 
_______ 19.    Employees shall be prohibited from working on scaffolds covered with                  snow, ice, or other slippery material except:

  1. when the scaffold has to be dismantled at once
  2. only on the night shift
  3. as necessary for removal of such materials
  4. when the condition is a recurring problem

 
_______ 20.   Debris shall not be allowed to accumulate on platforms:

  1. at any time
  2. in the first part of the shift
  3. within two hours of the end of the shift
  4. except when no one has been assigned to clean up detail

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Part IV
Look at the answers you put for each multiple-choice question under part III. Please write the number of the standard from which you got the answer to each question in the blanks below.
 
 
1.
 
2.
 
3.
 
4.
 
5.
 
6.
 
7.
 
8.
 
9.
 
10.
 
11.
 
12.
 
13.
 
14.
 
15.
 
16.
 
17.
 
18.
 
19.
 
20.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Part V
True or False
Place a “T” for true and an “F” for false in the blank prior to each question. If the statement is false, correct it to make it true and cite the standard underneath.
 
_______1. Prior to excavating, communication cables are marked with yellow paint.
 
_____ _ 2. When excavating deeper than 20’, the protective system must be designed             by a competent person.
 
______ 3.  The spoil pile must be placed at least 2’ back from the edge of an                            excavation.
 
______ 4. The angle of repose for sloping in Type C soil is 1:1.
 
______ 5. The competent person must remove employees from an excavation if                      hazards exist.
 
______ 6.  The minimum height a trench box must protrude above the edge of an                    excavation is 16”.
 
______ 7.  The angle of repose for sloping in Type B soil is 1-1/2: 1
 
______ 8.   In a trench that is 50’ long, it is only necessary to have one ladder for                    access and egress.
 
______ 9.   The competent person must monitor the equipment that is used to remove              water from the excavation to make sure it is functioning properly.
 
______ 10.  If soil is submerged and has water seeping through it, it would be                           classified as soil type a.
 
Part VI
Essay
Name seven (7) things to look for when conducting a visual soil test.
1.
 
2.
 
3.
 
4.
 
5.
 
6.
 
7.
Name and describe three types of manual soil tests.
1.
 
2.
 
3.
 
 
Part VII
Matching
 
______  Number of feet in depth in which                                         a. 23.5
a protective system is necessary in a trench
 
______ The number of feet back from the edge of an                       b. 18
excavation that a spoil pile is placed (minimum)
 
______  Level at which the oxygen level is considered                      c. 2
to be oxygen deficient
 
______ The minimum required distance in inches from grade           d. 5
to the top of a trench box when sloping a portion
of the depth
 
______ The trigger height for fall protection on a scaffold                e. 19.5
 
______ The angle of repose for sloping in type A soil                        f. 10’
 
______  The level at which the oxygen level is considered                 g. ¾:1
to be oxygen enriched.
 
______  The compressive strength of Type A soil in tsf                      h. 6
 
______ Scaffolds and their components must be able to                    i. 1.5<
support ____ times the maximum intended load
 
______ Ropes and hardware of suspended scaffolds must                j. 4
support ___ times the maximum intended load
 
Part VII
Name five (5) types of hazardous atmospheres for confined spaces.
1.
 
2.
 
3.
 
4.
 
5.
What is the difference between a permit required and a non permit required confined space?
 
Name three characteristics of a confined space.
1.
 
2.
 
3.
 
Part IX
Find the number of the standard.
 
Cracked and broken glass on windshields shall be replaced.
 
 
Employees engaged in site clearing shall be protected from hazards of irritant and toxic plants.
 
 
No employer shall allow earthmoving or compacting equipment with an obstructed view to the rear unless the equipment has a backing signal alarm or a spotter.
 
 
Tools and equipment shall be secured to prevent movement when transported in the same compartment with employees.
 
 
ROPS removed for any reason shall be remounted with equal quality, or better, bolts or welding as required for the original mounting
 
 
The area around the top and bottom of ladders shall be kept clear.
 
 
Ladders shall be used only on stable and level surfaces.
 
 
Stairs shall be installed at least 30 to 50 degrees from horizontal.
 
 
Single rail ladders shall not be used
 
 
When temporary sleeping quarters are provided, they shall be heated, ventilated and lighted.
 
 
 
 
 
Part X
Name and describe the four types of employers found in the Multi-Employer Citation Policy.
1.
 
2.
 
3.
 
4.
 
Part XI
 

6.
1.
2.
4.
5.
3.

 
Based on the diagram above, name the parts of the work zone.
 

  1. _______________ A. Termination area

 

  1. _______________ B. Buffer Space

 
3._______________             C. Advance Warning Area
 
4._______________             D. Transition Area
 
5._______________             E. Work Area
 
6._______________             F. Activity Area
 
W is the width of a lane on a road.
S is the speed limit.
L is the length of a merging taper.
 
W x S = L
 
.5L is the length of a shifting taper
.33L is the length of a shoulder taper
 
On a road with a speed limit of 55mph with 12’ wide lanes, how long would a merging taper be? How long would a shifting taper be? How long would a shoulder taper be?
 
Compare the requirements for training and retraining under Subpart M 1926.503, Subpart X 1926. 1060, 1910.178, and 1910.134.  What do they all have in common?
 
 
 
Name four requirements of storing lumber and list the numbers of the standard under which you found them.
1.
 
2.
 
3.
 
4.
 
Name six conditions that would warrant removing natural and synthetic rope slings from service and name the numbers of the standards where these conditions are found.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
 
What are the differences between a danger sign and a caution sign?
 
 
What is the difference between a tag and a sign?
 
 
Name five types of signs found in construction and the color scheme of each one of them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 
 
How big are STOP/SLOW paddles required to be in the state of Maryland? How big do the Feds require them to be? How about the lettering on the paddles for Maryland vs Federal Government?
 
 
 
How big are traffic control cones required to be in Maryland? (Height and diameter of base)
 
How long is a flagger taper?
 
Part XII
Hazardous Communication Standard
 
In what OSHA regulation can the HazCom standard be located?
 
What is the reference number for the HazCom standard?
 
What does GHS stand for?
 
What does SDS stand for?
 
Match the “section” according to the SDS format.
 
Section 1.____________________                Transport Information
Section 2.____________________                Stability and Reactivity
Section 3.____________________                Toxicological Information
Section 4.____________________                Disposal Considerations
Section 5.____________________                Accidental Release Measures
Section 6.____________________                Physical and Chemical Properties
Section 7.____________________                Regulatory Information
Section 8.____________________                Ecological Information
Section 9.____________________                Identification
Section 10.___________________                Fire Fighting Measures
Section 11.___________________                Hazard(s) Identification
Section 12.___________________                Physical and Chemical Properties
Section 13.___________________                First aid Measures
Section 14.___________________                Composition/Information on Ingredients
Section 15.___________________                Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Section 16.___________________                Handling and Storage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Applied Sciences homework help

/in /by
John Locked argued that our experiences can be divided into “primary” and “secondary” qualities. While primary qualities belong to the object (like mass, quantity), secondary qualities belong to us (like taste, texture, color). Hence, we do not experience the world directly: we experience representations of the external world in our minds. This position is called “representative realism.”
Answer the following two questions. Do NOT use websites; only the course e-text and whatever is found under Modules of this week. And offer substantial comments and/or questions to at least two of your fellow students.
1. Summarize, in your own words, the distinction between primary and secondary qualities.
2. If Locke’s representative realism is correct, than how can we know for sure that what appears in our minds is actually found in the external world?  After all, people with mental illness and those on hallucinogens perceive all kinds of things that aren’t there. How do we know that the world, including the computer that you are typing on, is not simply in our minds?
Sources:

Applied Sciences homework help

/in /by
 

Discussion: Public and Global Health Trends

The expression “Think Globally, Act Locally” guides your Discussion this week. By accessing information from this week’s Learning Resources, you will have the opportunity to learn how healthy your community is. You will identify the key health issues and vulnerable populations in your location of choice. Understanding the factors that influence the health status of residents in your location will provide you with a local perspective to compare to global health challenges you will examine in weeks to come.
To prepare:
Read the Learning Resources for this week. Then, using the information available on the County Health Rankings Report website, Robert Wood Johnson Healthy Communities website, or World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheets, provide a summary of the following information in your county, state, or country.

By Day 4

Post a comprehensive response that addresses all the following prompts:

  1. Which county, state, or country did you research?   Florida
  2. How healthy is your county, state, or country? What evidence did you use to come to your conclusion?
  3. What vulnerable populations are identified in your county, state, or country? Are there groups of individuals who have health disparities or certain health challenges? Are there issues related to availability of care within your county, state, our country? If so, what are they?
  4. What risk factors for premature death and environmental health concerns exist in your area?
  5. Where does your chosen area excel or fall behind in preventive health? Provide examples.

Applied Sciences homework help

/in /by
Discuss the role of role of symbols and structures in regard to terrorism.   Why does White say that symbols are important?  Do you agree or disagree?  Explain.

Applied Sciences homework help

/in /by
What do you think are the most challenging stressors which can affect individuals?

  • Explain

What are simple coping strategies you can suggest for the indicated stressors.
What action plans should be implemented to better cope with the stressors?

Applied Sciences homework help

/in /by
You will be required to produce a case study on a well-known and significant cyber-crime. You may chooses your own case or choose from the list below.
List of Criminals.
John Draper
Vladimir Levin
Kevin Mitnick
Kevin Poulsen
Gary McKinnon
You will be required to present a case study on the individual and their computer-based crime. The case study will be a minimum of 5-6 pages (1500-word count minimum) of your own work product.  Cover pages, citations and work cited pages will not be counted towards the minimums.
Each case study must provide a thorough examination of the criminal and the technical and practical aspects of the crime. The work must include but not be limited to the following questions:
Provide the background of the cybercriminal?
Detail the nature and extent of their crime?
What was the method of attack? (what vulnerability was exploited? etc.).
What tools were used in the attack. (specific virus, etc.)
What was the loss?
What was the outcome of the crime?
What countermeasures were put in place as a result of this crime?
How do you feel about the response to this crime and do you believe that it was fairly and effectively dealt with?
What is the status of the cybercriminal today?
You must describe in detail and properly support and cite all of the information relating to each question.
ASSIGNMENT REQUIREMENTS
You are required to read and utilize the E-Text and any reliable sources to provide information to support your written work.
To facilitate this, you are required to only use the E-Text course Required Resources or sources available through theBerkeley College Library (See Links).
You are required to properly cite all work in APA and must have a minimum of 3 primary sources and the E-Text.  The Berkeley College Library provides great resources on how to do this (See Links).
The paper shall be a minimum of 5-6 full pages ( a minimum of 1500 words) of your own work, not counting the cover page, works cited page, etc.
Any quoted material that exceeds 10% of the entire document will not be counted towards word or page counts.
For each half page short of this requirement 5 points shall be deducted from the overall paper grade.
The intent of the assignment is not to simply provide a short answer for these questions but to provide full details with support.
The assignment is due 
This assignment  should be completed in 3 parts:

  1. Research

2.Writing the paper

  1. Editing the paper.

Each part should be afforded sufficient time to complete the task.
It is recommended that at least 3 hours be spent on each.
Any indications of significant cutting and pasting without full APA citation will result in a 0 being awarded for the grade and potential referral to the academic integrity database for investigation.