Explain the four categories of information, which provide a useful framework for organizing a community health program.

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Implementing a health program involves many challenges.

Use the South University Online Library, the Internet, and personal interactions with your local health authorities to understand the various facets of implementing public health programs. Based on your research and understanding, respond to the following:

 

  • Explain the four categories of information, which provide a useful framework for organizing a community health program.
  • Describe the importance of assessing program implementation in a public health program.
  • There are three levels of program implementation. Describe each of them and the significance of each level of program implementation.
  • The public health pyramid is an overarching framework for public health planning and evaluation. Explain program implementation at the various levels of the public health pyramid.

What systems or processes should public health agencies utilize to ensure communication and accountability between their governing board and leaders? Justify your answers.

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ocial Marketing, Management, and Organizational Behavior

Part 1

Transparent and accountable governance and strong leadership are the cornerstones of successful public health operations and delivery of public health services.

Respond to the following questions in relation to governance and leadership:

What are the differences between governance and leadership?
What systems or processes should public health agencies utilize to ensure communication and accountability between their governing board and leaders? Justify your answers.
According to Kotter (2001), ” . . . leadership and management are two distinctive and complementary systems of action. Each has its own function and characteristic activities. Both are necessary for success in an increasingly complex and volatile business environment.”

Respond to the following questions in relation to management and leadership:

What are the differences between leadership and management?
Why do you think Kotter described leadership and management as complementary systems of action?
In recent years, the optimal management structure has shifted from a narrow span of control to a broad or wide span of control. Earlier, three to seven individuals were reporting to the same manager (narrow span), whereas today, it is common to have twenty or more staff members reporting to the same person (broad span), as stated in the course textbook.

Based on the readings for this week, the South University Online Library, and the Internet, respond to the following discussion points:

Identify at least one pro and one con for each span of control described above.
State, with reasons, which of the two structures you would recommend.
Part 2

Several decades ago, Kotler and Zaltman (1971) first used the term “social marketing” to describe the application of marketing theory to solve social- and health-related issues. Since then, social marketing has grown in popularity and usage within the public health community, including within national agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state and local health departments. Some of the factors responsible for the success of national social marketing campaigns are the efficient use of financial resources to develop marketing strategies, consistent messages across geographic boundaries, and uniform evaluation measures.

Respond to the following discussion points in relation to social marketing campaigns:

What challenges might you expect when adapting a national social marketing campaign in your local community?
Recommend ways in which your local health department may address these challenges.
References:

Kotler, P., & Zaltman, G. (1971). Social marketing: An approach to planned social
change. Journal of Marketing, 35(3), 3–12.

Kotter, J. P. (2001). What leaders really do. Harvard Business Review, 79(11),
85–96.

Describes the four types of needs and compares them. Explains the interaction of the four types and the role of each type of need in the community assessment process.

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Needs Assessment

Community health assessments are used by health planners to identify, and prioritize health problems within a given community. To prioritize health programs and their development, a needs assessment is used. There are four types of needs that should be considered in a needs assessment. Although there is no single way to conduct a needs assessment, the basic steps to conducting a needs assessment can be identified.

Using the South University Online Library or the Internet, research about needs assessments and the types of health needs in your community. Based on your research, create a 2- to 3-page Microsoft Word document that:

  • Describes the four types of needs and compares them. Explains the interaction of the four types and the role of each type of need in the community assessment process.
  • Selects one of the four needs and provides an example of how this need can be applied to a health issue in your community. Describes the potential pitfalls of focusing a needs assessment on a single need. Provides examples to support your assertions.
  • Identifies and describes the basic steps of conducting a needs assessment and also explains the importance of each.
  • Describes any additional steps that should be considered in the assessment process.

Support your responses with examples.

Cite any sources in APA format.

Submission Details

Name your document SU_PHE4055_W2_A2_LastName_FirstInitial.doc.

Submit your document to the W2 Assignment 2 Dropbox by Tuesday, August 8, 2017.

Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Described the four types of needs and compares them. Explained the interaction of the four types and the role of each type of need in the community assessment process.
15
Selected one of the four needs and provides an example of how this need can be applied to a health issue in the community. Described the potential pitfalls of focusing a needs assessment on a single need. Provided examples to support assertions.
10
Identified and described the basic steps of conducting a needs assessment and also explained the importance of each.
10
Described any additional steps that should be considered in the as

What are the steps that could have been taken to prevent the adverse health outcomes from occurring?

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Health Effects of Exposures to Pesticides

Pesticides have a broad application, including their use in occupational and nonoccupational settings. Many pesticides have been linked to adverse health effects, and as a result, have been banned from use.

Using your course textbook, the South University Online Library, and the Internet, research on episodes of exposure to pesticides that caused adverse health outcomes in humans. Choose one episode and respond to the following questions:

What are the health effects that the pesticide exposure caused in humans?
What are the steps that could have been taken to prevent the adverse health outcomes from occurring?
What are the changes required in the existing law that could discourage the reoccurrence of such exposures?
Apart from law enforcement, what are the other ways to prevent future occurrences of such episodes?
Explain the association between exposure to pesticides and health effects
please cite sources

Examine the regulatory agencies related to your chosen environmental agent? What is the role of these agencies?

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Environmental Health Issues

You have learned about the various environmental issues, including physical, chemical and biological agents that impact our health.

Based on your understanding of the environmental issues, create a 5- to 6-page Microsoft Word document that includes the answers to the following questions:

  • Examine the regulatory agencies related to your chosen environmental agent? What is the role of these agencies?
  • Discuss the environmental standards related to your chosen agent? How will these standards decrease the hazards in your local community?
  • Analyze the factors (such as physical, cognitive, behavioral, financial, and emotional) that can influence your chosen environmental issue. Describe the impact of your chosen environmental issue on a diverse population. Support using examples.
  • Evaluate the ways in which the environmental issue will impact the involved staff. Also, discuss how different staff will be involved to deal with the issue.

Support your responses with reasoning and examples.

Cite any sources in APA format.

Describe the educational setting: (staff development, patient education, family education, etc.).

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Developing an Instructional Unit

This project will help you focus on the important concepts presented throughout the course.

For this project, you will be expected to develop three lesson plans as part of an instructional unit on a subject of your choice focusing on one disease. The project will contain one lesson plan focused on education of a patient, one on family education, and one on staff development. The plans should demonstrate a logical approach to teaching, communicate what is to be taught and how, and outline how objectives are to be evaluated. At a minimum, each final lesson must contain the following components:

Introduction:

  • Provide the title of the lesson.
  • Identify and describe the learners.
  • Include Learner Assessment: educational level, developmental level, readiness to learn, etc.
  • Describe the educational setting: (staff development, patient education, family education, etc.).

Purpose and rationale for the lesson(s):

  • Provide a rationale for selecting this lesson.
  • Describe the philosophical or theoretical basis for teaching approaches used in the lesson.

Statement of goals and objectives:

  • Write several broad instructional goals for the educational experience.
  • Write several behavioral objectives based on Bloom’s taxonomy.

Instructional methods and evaluation of learning—For each objective:

  • Describe the lesson content.
  • Provide a sequence for teaching activities.
  • Describe instructional strategies.
  • Indicate time allotted for each activity.
  • Describe the instructional resources (materials, tools, etc.) to be used.
  • Describe how the learning will be evaluated

Which stakeholders should be included in the process as change champions? How and when should they become involved?

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Course Project: Developing a Strategic Plan

 

Section 5: Proposed Core Team of Change Champions

 

In Week 4, you examined the benefits of stakeholder involvement and the negative consequences that may arise if this is not sufficiently addressed during strategic planning. This week you have been considering how to leverage the influence of change champions and facilitate team building to promote the successful implementation of a proposed change.

How would you create a core team of change champions for the change you are proposing through your Course Project?

 

To prepare:

 

Reflect on the results of your SWOT analysis (submitted in Week 7) and other elements of your strategic plan.

Think about how effective stakeholder involvement would promote the successful adoption and implementation of your proposed change.

 

Consider the following:

 

What strategies would help you to develop a core team to generate buy-in for this change?

Which stakeholders should be included in the process as change champions? How and when should they become involved?

Begin to write a 1- to 2-page description of your core team of change champions.

 

Section 6: Evaluation Plan

 

Creating an evaluation plan is a critical part of developing a strategic plan. How would evaluation allow you to determine the cost benefits and effectiveness of your proposed change?

 

To prepare:

 

Reflect on the elements of your Course Project that you have developed thus far. Review the information on evaluation presented in the Learning Resources, and reflect on any insights you have gained from this week’s Discussion. (Week 11 Discussion)

How would you evaluate the implementation of your strategic plan? Develop an evaluation plan that includes a timeline for evaluation. Be sure to incorporate refreezing.

 

To complete:

 

Write a 1- to 3-page explanation of your evaluation plan. Include the timeline for evaluation, and explain how you will incorporate refreezing.

Note: This will be submitted as part of your Course Project this week.

 

Section 7: Executive Summary

 

As your development of a strategic plan comes to a conclusion, it is time to develop foundational pieces for your Course Project, including an executive summary.

An executive summary provides an overview of your proposed change and allows your target audience to become acquainted with the essential elements of the strategic plan. Your executive summary should be informative and persuasive, delineating the business case for your proposed change.

 

To prepare:

 

Review the information in the Learning Resources related to developing an executive summary.

Craft an executive summary that appeals to your target audience and presents key information related to your strategic plan. Be sure to describe the unmet need you are addressing and convey the urgency or significance of this problem. Clearly state your proposed change and substantiate your recommendation.

 

To complete:

 

Write an executive summary for your strategic plan.

Note: This will be submitted as part of your Course Project this week.

 

Section 8: References

 

The inclusion of a reference list not only allows you to credit others’ work appropriately but also provides the information readers would need to read resources of interest to them and learn more about the underpinnings of your strategic plan.

 

To prepare:

 

Develop and/or refine the list of the resources cited in your strategic plan.

 

To complete:

 

Create your reference list to accompany your strategic plan.

 

 

Comprehensive Course Project: Developing a Strategic Plan

 

Over the past several weeks of this course, you have been developing elements of a strategic plan. As you prepare to submit your Course Project, reflect on what you have learned throughout this process. Also think about how you would like to convey the results of your analysis and planning to your target audience.

 

Your Course Project must include information related to each section of the Course Project assigned in Weeks 6–11; however, you have some flexibility in terms of how you present it. You may wish to compare strategic plans from various groups and organizations and then develop a format that best suits your plan.

Note: Your comprehensive Course Project serves as your Portfolio Assignment for this course.

 

To complete:

 

Create a strategic plan that includes essential information related to the following:

Section 1: Summary of the Issue

Section 2: SWOT Analysis

Section 3: Balanced Scorecard

Section 4: Budgeting and Timeline Tools

Section 5: Proposed Core Team of Change Champions

Section 6: Evaluation Plan

Section 7: Executive Summary

Section 8: References

 

SECTION 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 are attached.

 

PLEASE COMPLETE OTHER SECTIONS and need one comprehensive project submitted including each section.

 

THis paper is worth 500 points and depending on this paper is my pass or fail.

 

Explain the growth of managed care that began in the 1980’s

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Reply prompt: Respond to the two discussion questions from classmates who reached a different conclusion than you did. Identify the points of difference in your analyses and explain how your sources and analysis led you to your conclusion. Replies must be at least 450 words each discussion reply. Each reply must reference at least 3 scholarly sources and follow current APA format (including both in-text citations and a reference list). You must also support each reply with thoughtful analysis (considering assumptions, analyzing implications, and comparing/contrasting concepts and include thorough biblical worldview integration.

 

Discussion Question #1

Introduction

Managed health care is defined as “a mechanism of providing health care services in which a single organization takes on the management of financing, insurance, delivery and payment “(Shi &Singh, 2017). The first health maintenance organization (HMO) is said to have been the Western Clinic in Tacoma Washington in 1910. It offered a range of medical services to lumber mill owners and their employees for a cost of fifty cents per month (Fox & Kongstvedt, 2007). The HMO act of 1973 introduced the capitation system as opposed to the fee- for service system to help reduce the increasing cost to Medicare. The full effects of the act were not enacted until 1977 at which time the number of HMO’ s bean to rise. The preferred provider organization (PPO) entered the game in the late 70’s and early 80’s (Fox & Kongstvedt, 2007).

Explain the growth of managed care that began in the 1980’s

The growth of managed health care in the 1980’s was due to the out of control increases in health care. The consumer price index rose by 59% but medical care was up 117% (Shi &Singh, 2017). Most companies began to use the MCO’s to help decrease the health care costs because they were affecting the profitability of the company. Medicare and Medicaid began to use MCO’s to control costs but also to ensure quality of care based on patient need not the current fee for service where physicians would order unnecessary tests or procedures (Shi &Singh, 2017). During the last of the 1990’s MCO’s began to decline due to public opinion concerning the quality of care and the amount of control the MCO’s had over the reimbursement and utilization aspects pertaining to hospitals and physicians.

How has health care delivery evolved?

The future of health care delivery will see an increase in various types of managed care options ranging from the long time HMO and PPO to the newer Accountable Care Organization (ACO) and the Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH). The ACO is an integrated delivery system (IDS) that includes hospitals, physicians and post discharge care. The ACO must be a legal entity and have a governing body to provide oversight (Shi &Singh, 2017). PCMH’s focus on the patient beyond their medical needs. “Each patient is unique and will have specific needs” (Rusnuck,2017). The practice must be: physician-led, comprehensive, coordinated, accessible, and committed to quality and safety(Rusnuck,2017).

Based on the literature, what does the future hold?

As our population grows and ages we will need a solid health care system to provide the best quality care while controlling costs. As Aristotle said, “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” It will take a community effort on the part of the financing, insurance, delivery and payment groups to achieve the ultimate health care product. We can expect for MCO’s to continue to shape our health care system. There will be a continuing push for quality of life for   patients and incentives and accountability for health care providers.

Conclusion

Philippians 2:4-7 states “Don’t look out only for your own interests, but take an interest in others, too. You must have the same attitude that Christ Jesus had. Though he was God, he did not think of equality with God as something to cling to. Instead, he gave up his divine privileges; he took the humble position of a slave and was born as a human being. When he appeared in human form.” If we can develop a strong managed heath care plan with this verse in mind we may be able to have a plan that will benefit the investors as well as the patient. (word count 609)

References

A quote by Aristotle. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10, 2017, from

https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/20103-the-whole-is-greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts.

Fox, P., & Kongstvedt, P. (2007). The Essentials of Managed Health Care (Fifth ed.). Sudbury,

MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Rusnak, W., M.D. (2017, March 22). How Patient-Centered Medical Homes Are Transforming Primary Care. Retrieved August 10, 2017, from https://www.nuemd.com/blog/patient-centered-medical-homes-transforming-primary-care.

Shi, L., & Singh, D. (2017). Essentials of   the U.S. Health Care System (Fourth ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones &   Bartlett Learning.

 

Discussion Question #2

The growth of managed care that began in the 1980s was mainly driven by Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs).  Prior to this time, doctors were still independent and payment was through fee-for-service (Zinner, 2009).  If not for physicians, the U.S. health care system may have very well been one of a nationalized, universal system.  It makes one ask the question whether this would have been better for America had this happened.  The reason to ask is because as a by-product of fighting this a universal health care system off, inflationary health care costs rose at astronomical rates in just 10 years of 117%, while the consumer price index rose 59% during the same period (Shi & Singh, 2017, p. 220).  HMOs set the stage for organized health care and reimbursement to physicians (2009).  Physicians began to feel like they were losing their once dominated field, because HMOs more or less forced them to work for organizations that ultimately reduced the cost of health care, and shifted focus to a preventive health care system.

A payment system called “capitation” was put in place that paid physicians a set fee that required them to treat all their patients from this amount.  This led to the term “managed care”, were not only physicians had to manage their patients within set financial limits, but made the patients (consumers) take care of themselves through “preventive medicine, consumer choice, and being accountable for one’s own health and health care” (Zinner, 2009).

Presently, approximately 95% of employees are enrolled in managed care plans, as compared to 27% in 1988 (Shi & Singh, 2017).  One would be hard pressed to locate employees who are enrolled in an employer-sponsored conventional plan.  This is probably by design since managed care is so popular, and dominates the health system’s market.

Managed care plans include many different varieties: there are HMOs, Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), and Point-of-Service (POS) plans.  There is a chart on page 230, of our class text, that summarizes the various plans, while listing at the very top of the chart the “main distinguishing factors.”  These are the type of providers, in or out of network, the method or delivery of services, and the payment an risk sharing component.

It seems the future of managed care will continue in the same direction as it is now.  Hospitals, providers, private offices, and other facilities will need to continue to consolidate or integrate forces.  Reimbursement payments will become tighter and stricter, and it will benefit everyone involved to work together as an integrated system to maximize profits, increase quality of care, maintain increased access to care, while keeping costs at a minimum.

There will always be those that abuse the health care system.  The more efficient it becomes — the more affordable it becomes, the more frequently individuals will visit their physicians more often than they should, which will have a negative impact as this drives up prices.  Until we “Come…¦return to the Lord” (Hosea 6:1a, HCSB), we will need to work on improving our health care system.  “For He has torn us, and He will heal us; He has wounded us, and He will bind up our wounds” (Hosea 6:1b).  What a day that will be when we will experience no more sickness!

 

References

AARP.  (2017).  AARP.com.  Managed care plans.  Retrieved on August 8, 2017 from https://advantages.aarp.org/en/healthcare-insurance/healthcare-tools-resources/understanding-health-insurance/managed-care-plans.html

Shi, L., Singh, D.  (2017).  Essentials of the U.S. health care system.  (4th ed.)  Managed care and integrated systems.  (p. 220).  Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

 

Zinner, M. J., & Loughlin, K. R. (2009). The evolution of health care in america. Urologic Clinics of North America, 36(1), 1-10.doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2008.08.005

·         What are some of the socio-political and/or socio-economic forces that may have shaped this policy?

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For the Final Paper in this course, you are asked to select a current health policy. This policy can be local, state, or federal. You will submit the topic at the end of Module  for instructor approval.

 

You will need to develop the following topics in your final paper:

 

·         Provide a clear explanation of the policy and issues it is intended to address.

·         Who are the key and relevant stakeholders?

·         What are some of the socio-political and/or socio-economic forces that may have shaped this policy?

·         What are the implications of this policy from the varied viewpoints?

·         To what degree does this policy address fairness and efficiency within the healthcare system? Address the possible changes and amendments that would help to resolve these issues.

·         Anticipate and address counterarguments and challenges to the changes and amendments you propose.

 

In your paper, you will take a position on the policy and defend your position with support from what you have learned in the class, obtained from reliable sources in the library, and collected the Internet.

 

 

Your paper should be no more than 12-15 pages, double-spaced in length. Be sure to include your name and class number and class title on the title page of your paper.  Your final paper should be formatted fully in APA style and have all supporting documentation and references.