Instructions for Paper VI: Study Two Methods, Results, Discussion (Worth 30 Points)
Purpose of Paper IV: Study Two Methods, Results, and Discussion
1). Psychological Purpose
The psychological purpose behind Paper IV is to make sure you can summarize what you did in your second study, how you did it, and what you found. This is similar to Paper II, but you will include information related to your second independent variable in Paper IV.
For the Methods section in Paper IV, you will provide information about your participants, materials, and procedure. Your participant section goes first, and it includes descriptive statistics about your sample (means and standard deviations for age and percentages of gender and race/ethnicity). This is a new sample of participants, so you cannot use Paper II for this information. Make it NEW! Your materials and procedure sections include information about what you did and how you did it. You should once again write this section for an audience who is unfamiliar with your new study two variables, but you can summarize or refer back to study one variables if and when they carry over from study one to study two. In the end, just remember that you must educate your reader about your materials and procedure, giving enough detail so they could replicate study two on their own. Your Paper IV Methods section will thus look a lot like your Paper II, but in Paper IV you will describe BOTH independent variables as well as important dependent variables (especially any new ones you added). I suggest reviewing your Paper II feedback to see if you need more clarity in your methods descriptions, but make sure that your reader is clear about the mechanics of your new 2 X 2 factorial design as well.
You will also write a new Results section. Since you now have two independent variables, some new dependent variables, and a new set of participants, you will not be able to reuse ANY of your results from Paper II. Rather, you will write a brand new results section that focuses on a 2 X 2 factorial design here.
Your Discussion section for Paper IV will be a short summary of what you found in Study Two. Similar to Paper II, you can make some educated guesses about what you found and why you found it, but keep the focus on study two only (in Paper V,, you will include a more advanced discussion section that looks at both study one and study two, so keep the Paper IV discussion focused only on study two).
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of Paper IV is to again teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting for methods and results. In the instructions below, I will tell you how to format your paper using APA style, but this time with a focus on your 2 X 2 factorial ANOVAs. Once again, there are a lot of specific requirements in APA papers (as specific as what to italicize), so pay attention to the instructions below as well as the APA formatting powerpoint presentation.
3). Writing Purpose
Paper IV is intended to help you figure out how to update a Methods, Results and Discussion section using a 2 X 2 factorial design. This is more complicated than the One Way ANOVA you used in Paper II, but you should still be able to clearly and succinctly tell you readers what you did, how you did it, and what you found. Similar to Paper III, we will give you feedback and help in this paper. You will then be able to revise it for your final paper in the course (Paper V). Thus doing a good job on Paper IV will mean fewer revisions for the final paper.
Note #1: The plagiarism limit is higher in this paper (up to 65%) since your classmates are doing the same study two design and will have similar results. Don’t go higher than that, though! 65% is the maximum allowed!
Note #2: You DO NOT need to include any content from Papers I, II, and III here. You can use the same title page, but all we will look at and grade are the methods, results, discussion, and tables from Study Two.
Note #3: Similar to Paper II, there is no set minimum or maximum page limit for Paper IV. However, we are still looking for good detail about your study design and your study results
 
Instructions for Paper VI: Study Two Methods, Results, Discussion (Worth 30 Points)
This paper should be fairly easy for you! It is essentially a replication of your Paper II: Methods and Results (Study One) paper, except here you will extend that paper to include your second independent variable as well as any new dependent variables you may have created. You will also use a more complex data analysis process now that you have a 2 X 2 factorial design. Keep in mind that Study Two is different from Study One. You may reuse some of the same methods section materials from Study One, but your descriptions in the methods section should be specific to your Study Two idea. If you reuse some of the same variables, you can refer to study one (I encourage it! No need to repeat yourself if you are using identical materials), but if the elements are new, make sure to FULLY describe them. The results will be completely different from Study One, as Study Two has two independent variables and a new participant sample. Your discussion will similarly be new. Below are some of the points you need to cover in this paper. I highlight in purple the new components you should pay attention to for Paper IV.

• Title Page: I expect the following format (1 point):
• Use your headers and title information from your prior Paper III: Literature review. See prior instructions for more info about the title page!
• Methods Section: I expect the following format (10 points):
• Write Method at the front of this section, make it bold, and center it.
• The participants section comes next. The word Participants is bolded and left justified. In this section …
• As in Paper II, tell me who your participants were (college students, family members, friends) and how many there were. If the number starts a sentence, then spell out the number. “Two-hundred and five participants …”. If it is mid-sentence, then you can use numerals. “There were 205 participants in this study.” Make sure this is for your NEW SAMPLE. This sample will differ from the participants you used for Study One, so you will have to provide all new demographic data.
• Provide frequencies and descriptive statistics for the most relevant demographic characteristics.
• For some variables, like ethnicity and gender, you only need to provide frequency information (the number of participants who fit that category). “There were 100 men (49%) and 105 women (51%) in the study.” Or “The sample was 49% male (N = 100) and 51% female (N = 105).”
• Other variables, like age, are continuous variables (rather than categorical), so use descriptive statistics here (the range, mean, and the standard deviation). “Participants ranged from 18 to 77 (M = 24, SD = 3.50).” or “The average age of participants was 24 (SD = 3.50), with ages ranging from 18 to 77.” By now you should be able to find these on your own, but I will give you a hint: run frequencies and descriptives to get demographic data
• Make sure to provide a callout to your demographics table. My suggestion is to call it “Table 5” since your first study (and Papers II and III) already includes Tables 1 through 4.
• Your actual Table 5 will come immediately after the callout in-text
• Materials and Procedure
• For this section, things are again very flexible. Some studies include the Materials and Procedure in the same section while others break them up into two sections
• Your Paper IV: Study Two Methods, Results, and Discussion is still simple enough that I recommend combining them into one overall Materials and Procedure section. Here, you can refer back to your methods section from Paper II rather than repeating all of the same information. (“We used the same Twitter Apology manipulation as in study one, but here we included only the Sincere and Insincere apology conditions”).
• Again, the words Materials and Procedure is flush left. In this section …
• Provide information about your materials and your procedure.
• I suggest starting with your procedure. Tell your reader what your participants did in the order participants did them. Be specific. Assuming your study is similar to study one, I have the following recommendations (though your study may differ, so take these only as recommendations!):
• First, talk about informed consent (this time given online via Qualtrics).
• Second, talk about the different versions of the study materials. Provide enough detail so your readers know how the conditions differ. Imagine I need to replicate your design – give me enough detail so I can do so. Also fully describe your new independent variable for study two. For example, my additional IV may be whether Charlie’s behavior was unintentional (forgot the mask at home) or intentional (deliberately left the mask because he doesn’t like wearing it) . FULLY describe this new “intention IV” in the methods for this second study
• Thus study two MIGHT look at the sincere versus insincere conditions as two levels of the first IV and intention (unintentional versus intentional) as the second IV. This involves four conditions: 1) Sincere and unintentional, 2) Sincere and intentional, 3) Insincere and unintentional, and 4) Insincere and intentional.
• Make sure you have a clear idea about what your four different conditions look like, and go into detail about the new IV. If I was looking at timing but didn’t tell you that one version had a day delay and another had a month delay, then you wouldn’t have a good sense of that “delay”. For all you know, it could be a minute versus an hour delay. That’s why I need to be specific on how I manipulated that new IV.
• Third, talk about your dependent variables (that is, your survey questions). For these DVs, once again provide enough detail so I know exactly what questions you asked. For example, “Participants provided their gender, age, and race”. For other dependent variables, tell me how the responses were recorded (yes/no, true/false, a scale of 1 to 9, etc.). If you used a scale, note the endpoints. That is, does a 1 mean it is high or is it low? “Participants were asked, ‘How surprising was the outcome?’, and they responded on a scale from 1 (unsurprising) to 10 (surprising).’” Highlight any new DVs you created for study Two. That is, I may ask an attention check question asking if the Tweet was posted immediately (posted within a day of the incident) or delayed (posted more than a day after the incident). I still need to report that new DV in enough detail that my reader will know exactly what the new DV entails.
• Fourth, make sure to highlight which DVs you analyzed. If there are DVs participants completed but you did not analyze them, feel free to say those DVs were not analyzed.
• Finally, mention debriefing. (A brief mention is enough, as most readers will know what debriefing entails. Keep the debriefing description short).
• There is no set minimum or maximum on the length of the methods section, but I would expect at least a page or two as you detail your materials and procedure. Missing important aspects of your IVs and DVs or presenting them in a confused manner will lower your score in this section
• Once again, make the new information VERY specific so that someone unfamiliar with your study could recreate your survey. If they can’t, you won’t do well!
• Results Section: I expect the following format (10 points):
• The results are the hardest part of this paper, so again pay close attention to your lab presentation and book
• First, write Results at the top of this section and center it boldface. This section comes directly at the end of the methods section, so the results section DOES NOT start on its own page.
• For this assignment, include statistics about the most important variables in your study. For Paper IV: Study Two Methods, Results, and Discussion, your study design will be more complex than study one. You are dealing with a factorial design now (that is, you have more than one IV), such as a 2 X 2 or even a 2 X 3 study. Let me walk you through the guidelines for a 2 X 2 design
• First, run manipulation or attention check on at least one of your dependent variables. The type of analysis will depend on whether your dependent variable is nominal or interval / ratio
• Nominal (categorical) dependent variable: IF you have a nominal DV (“Did you see #SorrySorrySorry or #SorryNotSorry?” or “Was the behavior unintentional or intentional?”), you can run a chi square test on them much like you did in Paper II for Study One.
• Interval / ratio dependent variable: IF you have interval or ratio dependent variable (it has a scale format ranging from low to high), you can run a t-Test (if you only have two levels to the IV) or an ANOVA (if you have three or more levels).
• For example, if I manipulated anger by giving half of the participants a hard time about their intelligence before they looked at the Twitter page, I might ask “On a scale of 1 to 9, how angry were you?” and then run a t-Test on the anger-based dependent variable to see if my manipulation did in fact work. That is, given two levels for my independent variable (angry versus control), they should rate themselves as more angry in the condition where I questioned their intelligence compared to a control condition
• Note: I suspect you will have a nominal manipulation check question, so the chi square will be more likely. Also note that the manipulation check may have nothing to do with the sincerity of Charlie’s apology – it might be simply a recall of whether Charlie’s behavior was intentional or was unintentional.
• Second, run two 2 X 2 ANOVAs (or factorial ANOVAs). Recall that these involve univariate analysis of variance, but rather than focusing on one independent variable (like the One Way ANOVA), a 2 X 2 ANOVA looks at two different independent variables within the same test. Each 2 X 2 ANOVA will focus on a dependent variable of your choice. You will report at least three F tests for each ANOVA (an F for the main effect of IV #1, an F for the main effect of IV #2, and an F for the interaction). However, if the interaction is significant, you will report four additional F tests (called simple effects tests), or 7 F tests total for the ANOVA. I know this is complex, so let’s break it down and focus on an example 2 X 2 ANOVA. This test will yield two main effects and one interaction…
• Main Effect #1 (IV #1): There will be a main effect in the ANOVA table for the first IV. Provide the degrees of freedom, F value, and p Regardless of whether it is significant, I want you to provide means and standard deviation for both levels of the IV. For example (and ONLY as an example), imagine your first IV is the “Intention” of the behavior (not wearing a mask). Your main effect write-up will look like this …
• “Using intention (unintentional versus intentional) and apology (sincere versus insincere) as our IVs and the rating of “Charlie’s apology seemed sincere” as our DV, there was no main effect for intention, F(1, 189) = 1.97, p > .05. Participants did not differ in their ratings in the unintentional (M = 2.35, SD = 0.21) versus intentional (M = 2.21, SD = 0.87) timing conditions.”

• Main Effect #2 (IV #2): There will be a main effect in the ANOVA table for the second IV. Again, provide the F Regardless of significance, give the means and standard deviations for both levels of the IV. (This should come in the same paragraph as the main effect for warning)
• “There was, however, a significant apology condition main effect, F( 1, 189) = 3.42, p < .05. Participants thought the apology was more sincere in the sincere condition (M = 4.56, SD = 1.21) than participants in the insincere condition (M = 2.24, SD = 0.89).”

• Interaction (IV #1 X IV #2): Finally, there will be an interaction for IV 1 X IV 2. Provide the initial interaction F
• Interaction (either significant or not!). That is:
• “The Intention X Apology Condition interaction was not significant, F(1, 187) = 1.22, p > .05.”
• “The main effects were qualified by a significant Timing X Apology Condition interaction, F(1, 187) = 6.61, p < .05.”
• IF the interaction is not significant (e.g. p > .05), then just list the means and tell me they don’t differ.
• “The Intention X Apology Condition interaction was not significant, F(1, 187) = 1.22, p > .05. This implies that participants in the sincere and unintentional condition (M = 2.76, SD = 0.27), the sincere and intentional condition (M = 2.21, SD = 0.90), the insincere and unintentional condition (M = 2.72, SD = 0.87), and the insincere and intentional condition (M = 2.78, SD = 0.45) did not differ from each other.”
• However, IF there is a significant interaction, there are four more F tests you need to run (“simple effects” tests). This one gets complicated, but I’ll show you an example write-up (normally, this all goes in the same paragraph):
• “The main effects were qualified by a significant Intention X Apology Condition interaction, F(1, 187) = 6.61, p < .05, necessitating simple-effects tests. First, simple effects showed that participants rated the apology as less sincere in the sincere intentional condition (M = 2.67, SD = 0.27) than in the sincere unintentional condition (M = 5.21, SD = 1.90), F(1, 95) = 6.24, p < .05.
• (Notice that ALL participants here are in the sincere condition. You are simply comparing unintentional vs. intentional behavior)
• Second, simple effects showed that sincerity ratings did not differ between participants in the insincere unintentional condition (M = 2.78, SD = 0.45) and the insincere intentional condition (M = 2.72, SD = 1.87), F(1, 93) = 1.13, p > .05.
• Third, for the intentional behavior, simple effect tests showed that participants did not differ in their sincerity ratings between the sincere intentional condition (M = 2.67, SD = 0.27) and the insincere intentional condition (M = 2.72, SD = 0.45), F(1, 95) = 1.31, p > .05.
• Fourth, for the unintentional behavior, simple effect tests showed that participants rated the apology as more sincere in the sincere unintentional condition (M = 5.21, SD = 1.90) than in the insincere intentional condition (M = 2.78, SD = 0.87), F(1, 95) = 5.11, p < .05.

• In general, this shows that participants thought the apology was most sincere in the sincere and unintentional condition. However, when it was insincere (unintentional or intentional) and when it was sincere but intentional, participants saw the apology as lower in sincerity.
• Again, the intentional X apology interaction above is an EXAMPLE. Your second independent variable may not involve “intentionality”, and your numbers will differ even if you use the same intentional IV.
• Please note that you might run a lot of statistical tests for one DV (like the original F test followed-up with simple effects tests). This still only counts as one DV. You need to look at three DVs total (one for the manipulation check and then two additional rating-scale DVs), so you might have as many as 15 or so statistical tests in this section.
• Like the methods section, there is no page minimum or maximum for the results section, though I would expect it to be at least a paragraph or two for each dependent variable
• Make sure to provide both a callout to the table for each analysis as well as the tables themselves immediately following the callout.
• Discussion Section (2 points)
• In a short paragraph or two, write a brief discussion of your results. Tell me if you did or did not support your hypotheses. In this section, do NOT provide statistical information. I just want a plain English summary of what you found, such as …
• “Overall, these results indicate that intentional behavior decreases ratings of the apology sincerity. This happens when the apology starts out as insincere, but intentional behavior also makes a genuinely sincere apology look more insincere. Thus to increase ratings of sincerity, have a sincere apology occur after unintentional behavior!
• References are not required for this paper
• Tables: Study Two (4 points)
• I want to make sure you are including the correct numbers in your results section, so I want you to include all relevant SPSS tables for each of your analyses after each callout in-text. For Study Two, you can title them Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, but I actually recommend naming them 5, 6, 7, and 8 since you have 1, 2, 3, and 4 from study one already.
• Table 5: Demographic Information Study Two (comes after the participant section callout)
• Table 6: Chi Square (or other Manipulation Check)
• Make sure to include a table for your manipulation check. If you do a chi square for a nominal variable, this will include the cross-tabulation table and the chi square table. Or, if you do a t-Test or ANOVA, this will include the descriptive statistics as well as the t-Test table itself (or the ANOVA table itself)
• This table comes directly after the manipulation check table callout
• Table 7: first dependent variable (First 2 X 2 ANOVA)
• Make sure to include your descriptive statistics table and your Tests of Between Subject Effects table. If your interaction is not significant, you’re done. If it is significant, normally you would run simple effects follow up tests. You still need to run them, but for purposes of this appendix all I need to see is the original ANOVA table and the original descriptive table.
• This table comes directly after the 2 X 2 ANOVA table callout
• Table 8: Second dependent variable (Second 2 X 2 ANOVA)
• This is similar to Table 7 above, but for a different dependent variable
• This table comes directly after the 2 X 2 ANOVA table callout
• Appendices will come at the end of the paper (only if applicable)
• Since your tables are in-text, you probably will not have an appendix, though you might choose to reproduce some of your study stimulus materials in an appendix (but this is not required)
• Overall writing quality (3 points)
• Make sure you check your paper for proper spelling and grammar. The FIU writing center is available if you want someone to look over your paper (an extra eye is always good!) and give you advice. I highly recommend them, as writing quality will become even more important on future papers.

 
Other Guidelines for Paper IV: Study Two Methods, Results, and Discussion
 

• 1). Page size is 8 1/2 X 11” with all 4 margins set at one inch on all sides. You must use a Times New Roman 12-point font and double space all sentences/paragraphs in the paper.
• 2). PLEASE use a spell checker to avoid unnecessary errors. Proofread everything you write. I actually recommend reading some sentences aloud to see if they flow well, or getting family or friends to read your work.
• Below is a write up for the significant interaction for the 2 X 2 ANOVA. Here, I just put it all in one paragraph, as it would appear in a results section (double space YOUR section, though). Notice there are 7 F tests for this significant 2 X 2 interaction.

 
Using intentionality (unintentional versus intentional) and apology condition (sincere versus insincere) as our IVs and the rating of “Charlie’s apology seemed sincere” as our DV, there was no main effect for intentionality, F(1, 189) = 1.97, p > .05. Participants did not differ in their ratings in the unintentional (M = 2.35, SD = 0.21) versus intentional (M = 2.21, SD = 0.87) behavior conditions. There was, however, a significant apology condition main effect, F( 1, 189) = 3.42, p < .05. Participants thought the apology was more sincere in the sincere condition (M = 4.56, SD = 1.21) than participants in the insincere condition (M = 2.24, SD = 0.89). The main effects were qualified by a significant Intentionality X Apology Condition interaction, F(1, 187) = 6.61, p < .05.”  First, simple effects showed that participants rated the apology as less sincere in the sincere intentional condition (M = 2.67, SD = 0.27) than in the sincere unintentional condition (M = 5.21, SD = 1.90), F(1, 95) = 6.24, p < .05. Second, simple effects showed that sincerity ratings did not differ between participants in the insincere unintentional condition (M = 2.78, SD = 0.45) and the insincere intentional condition (M = 2.72, SD = 1.87), F(1, 93) = 1.13, p > .05. Third, for the intentional behavior, simple effect tests showed that participants did not differ in their sincerity ratings between the sincere intentional condition (M = 2.67, SD = 0.27) and the insincere unintentional condition (M = 2.72, SD = 0.45), F(1, 95) = 1.31, p > .05.  Fourth, for the unintentional behavior, simple effect tests showed that participants rated the apology as more sincere in the sincere unintentional condition (M = 5.21, SD = 1.90) than in the insincere unintentional condition (M = 2.78, SD = 0.87), F(1, 95) = 5.11, p < .05. In general, this shows that participants thought the apology was most sincere in the sincere and unintentional condition. However, when it was insincere (unintentional or intentional) and when it was sincere but intentional, participants saw the apology as lower in sincerity.
 

• Finally, go look at the supporting documents for this paper. There is a checklist, a grade rubric, and an example paper. All will give you more information about what we are specifically looking for as well as a visual example of how to put it all together. Good luck!

Select a special population of interest from the following list:

• Domestic violence victims
• Clients with questions about their sexual orientation
• Human trafficking victims
• Clients with suicidal ideation
• Clients who self-harm

Hypothesize the future of psychological testing for your selected population.
Create a 7-10-slide presentation about your population that includes the following:

• A description of the tests and assessments currently in use
• Changes to the tests and assessments you would like to see
• Explain any procedures related to reporting abuse, duty to warn, or victims’ rights
• Detailed speaker notes as if you are giving the presentation in person

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.