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The four phases of emergency management include mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery (Murray, 2017, p. 702). The primary focus of mitigation is prevention of an emergency when possible or prevention of worse outcomes after an emergency has occurred. Such prevention efforts may be achieved through legislation, though and routine community risk assessments, and infrastructure improvement (e.g., levees and storm surge barriers, earthquake-proof buildings, etc.) (Murray, 2017, p. 702). Because emergencies cannot always be prevented, however, emergency management also includes preparedness and response. These two phases are closely related: preparedness is the ensuring the knowledge and resources necessary to respond effectively to an emergency through assessment, education, planning, and maintenance of necessary supplies, while the response phase involves the assurance of healthcare workers and public health professionals to appropriately execute that plan and provide necessary medical and public health services during and following an emergency (Murray, 2017, p. 702-703). Finally, in the recovery phase, public health professionals assist the community in returning to its pre-emergency state of functioning and working toward improved mitigation, preparedness, and response for future emergencies (Murray, 2017, p. 703).