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This week, we will dive into qualitative approaches (phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study, community-based participatory research), to research and its relevance to nursing. We will also look at how to ensure rigor in qualitative study for validity and reliability. As a consumer of research, you will then use what was learned in class to critique a qualitative study to identify if important elements that ensures credibility were addressed by the researcher. 

Activities 

Choose a topic that your can get recent information and more information

1. PICOT/Research question Submission : This should include the full statement of the research question, followed by a table that clarify the P,I,C,O,T in your proposed study. Due by Saturday October 30, 2021

2. Critique the assigned qualitative study.

Discussion Forum 3: Qualitative Research

a. Read the posted article below.

b. Refer to Chapter 6 pages 120 to121 of your assigned textbook for more guidance. 

c. Respond to the questions below by reviewing the article and identifying those elements (state the page number you found the element). If you indicate you support the researcher use of the element, make sure your findings are with literature (eg. you can reference your textbook where it says that element is important in qualitative research).

Your critique responses should reflect the following:
1. What type of qualitative approach did the researcher use?
2. what type of sampling method did the researcher use? Is it appropriate for the study?
3. Was the data collection focused on human experiences?
4. Was issues of protection of human subjects addressed?
5. Did the researcher describe data saturation?
6. What procedure for collecting data did the researcher use?
7. What strategies did the researcher use to analyze the data?
8. Does the researcher address credibility (can you appreciate the truth of the patient’s experience), auditability (can you follow the researcher’s thinking, does the research document the research process) and fittingness are the results meaningful, is analysis strategy compatible with the purpose of the study) of the data?

9. What is your cosmic question? (This is a question you ask your peers to respond to based on the chapter discussed in class this week i.e. Qualitative studies).

3. Respond to two of the discussion board post of you mate

FIRST RESPOND………………………….

What type of qualitative approach did the researcher use?

The researcher used a descriptive, explorative design semi-structured and individual structured interviews to collect the data. The research according paragraph 3- (2100–2111) was done base of Planned Behavior from the different ethnicity of mothers.

2. what type of sampling method did the researcher use?

(paragraph 6 pg. 2101) we can determined that the researchers used a judgmental or selective sampling which is a type of non-probability sampling also known as purposive sampling. Even though this is not exactly reveal, but it is based on the type of sampling processes been implement. The researchers deem this type of sampling can be selective and also based on a pre-determined addition/omission standard. This type of sampling is an appropriate method as it helps in giving the researcher a upper hand in selecting the most workable sample that can be relied on to provide detailed and credible data in relation to the issue under investigation (Grove & Gray, 2018). In other words, the use of addition/omission standards can diplomatically helps in decreasing the addition of the participants with certain characteristics that are not favorable for the data collection process and the authentication of all relevant discovery for the research. (paragraph 6 pg. 2101)

Is it appropriate for the study? -Yes

The interview format according to (paragraph 6 pg. 2101) was semi-structured with a purposive sample of 20 black, both African American (AA) (n=10) and African -born(AB) (n= 10), Mothers in central Ohio who provided information on their infant feeding practices as part of a larger mixed methods investigating exploring the role of social norms, particularly breastfeeding discouragement, on breastfeeding initiation and duration. Banton, N. E. (2009).
3. Was the data collection focused on human experiences?

Yes- looking at paragraph 3- p. 2105, the data collection was focused on human experiences if I may quote from one of the African born mothers “I knew I was gonna nurse, but I think the whole sticking it out- I think if I hadn’t done any of the readings and hadn’t seen all the benefits, I think I probably would’ve given up sooner because it is difficult to a certain extent to nurse”. (paragraph 3- p. 2105,)
4. Was issues of protection of human subjects addressed?

According to paragraph 1 on pg. 2102 and i quote” Half of the interviews were conducted in the mother’s home; the remainder occurred in public spaces such as libraries. Before each interview, participants provided written informed consent and completed a brief demographic questionnaire that included their age, birthplace, employment/school enrollment status, residential history in the United States (if applicable), infant feeding choice (ever breastfed versus bottle-fed), and length of time they breastfed (if applicable). (paragraph 1 on pg. 2102 )
5. Did the researcher describe data saturation?

Guest et al. (2006: p. 60) refer to data saturation as having become ‘the gold standard by which purposive sample sizes are determined in health science research. According to (Paragraph 2- p.2102), it is very clear to say the researcher uses data saturation from this I quote “the interview guide was adapted from questions used in previous research that explored attitudes and infant feeding practices among African American mothers”. (Paragraph 2- p.2102)
6. What procedure for collecting data did the researcher use?

Again on (paragraph 2- pg. 2102 we can see the strategies use for data collection “The interview format was semi-structured with one introductory question and five core questions. Core questions revolved around the mother’s experiences and views about infant feeding (bottle-feeding and breastfeeding) (Paragraph.2-pg 2102).
7. What strategies did the researcher use to analyze the data?

(Bogdan RC, 2012) Data analysis in qualitative research is defined as the process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcripts, observation notes, or other non-textual materials that the researcher accumulates to increase the understanding of the phenomenon. The process of analyzing qualitative data predominantly involves coding or categorizing the data. According to this research noted on (Pg.2102 paragraph 4) we can note where the author systemically uses new codes from ATLAS.ti ATLAS.ti software was used to analyze codes, patterns and relationships, identify themes and examine differences in attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control by nativity status. Query reports were generated by nativity status corresponding to each model construct, and passages were reviewed several times for recurrent ideas and patterns. To refine the codes, an additional researcher trained in qualitative research coded four transcripts (2 transcripts from AA participants and 2 transcripts from AB participants) independently. Wong, L. (2008, April 30). (Pg.2102 paragraph 4)
8. Does the researcher address credibility (can you appreciate the truth of the patient’s experience), auditability (can you follow the researcher’s thinking, does the research document the research process) and fittingness are the results meaningful, is analysis strategy compatible with the purpose of the study) of the data?

I will take my quote from (pg. 2103 paragraph 2) The analysis focused on identifying major themes related to the attitudes, social norms, and behavioral control perceptions underlying the infant feeding decisions and practices of middle-class AA and AB mothers, and also understanding how both groups of mothers differed along these constructs. The next two themes identify and describe the type of social norms that mothers encountered during their infant feeding experiences. The final four themes capture the barriers and facilitators that shaped maternal perceptions of control surrounding their infant feeding practices (pg. 2103 paragraph 2).

To look at the researcher’s auditability and fittingness i will take my quote from (pg. 2108 paragraph 5) but first let’s take a look at the researcher’s auditability which is i established by the reader being able to follow the steps of the research form the research questions, to the data collection, to the data, and then to the findings (categories, themes, model) By the steps for interpretation and synthesis and data examples provided, the reader should be able to follow the researchers thinking. and fittingness the meaningfulness of the everyday findings to everyday reality of that situation. Are the results described in enough detail so that one may evaluate them for their own practice? (Auburn University,2020) (pg. 2108 paragraph 5)

Some mothers reflecting on their breastfeeding experiences, many mothers wanted more self-determination and knowledge to overcome the difficulties they encountered. For example, mothers who cited lactation challenges as a barrier desired more information about the obstacles and challenges that one could encounter when breastfeeding (pg. 2108 paragraph 5)

9. What is your cosmic question? (This is a question you ask your peers to respond to based on the chapter discussed in class this week i.e. Qualitative studies).

It is quite critical for researchers to ensure that study participants are protected, and their rights preserved. What are the three mechanisms they use to achieve this crucial element of research?

References:

Banton, N. E. (2009). Nipple matters: A black feminist analysis of the politics of infant feeding among African American mothers (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.scholar works.gsu.edu

Wong, L. (2008, April 30). Data analysis in qualitative research: a brief guide to using nvivo. Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4267019/.

Guest G, Bunce A, Johnson L. How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods. 2006;18(1):59–82. doi: 10.1177/1525822X05279903.

Issues in Qualitative Research. Auburn University. (April.2020.) http://webhome.auburn.edu/~elliskj/issues.htm.

Grove, S. K., & Gray, J. R. (2018). Understanding Nursing Research E-Book: Building an Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.

SECOND RESPONDS……………………….

1. What type of qualitative approach did the researcher use?

The qualitative approach was focusing on the human experience within a natural setting. (LOBIONDO-WOOD, 2021 p120) In the article they explored perspectives about engagement in fall prevention plans among inpatients with cancer (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #458)
2. what type of sampling method did the researcher use? Is it appropriate for the study?

The sampling method was a qualitative descriptive exploratory approach (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #458). Yes it was appropriate for the study because the study focused on patient experience with falls and the researchers were focused on patient experience and not a theoretical framework (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #458) .
3. Was the data collection focused on human experiences?

Yes, the data focused on cancer patients who had fallen and those that have not fallen using a semistructured interview guide. The interview questions first validated whether or not participants had been informed they were at risk for falls and given education on the fall prevention plan (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #458). The secondary part of the interview focused more on the patient’s thoughts and feelings towards the fall prevention plan (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #458). This helped the researcher assess the patient’s willingness to engage in the fall prevention plan (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #458) .
4. Was issues of protection of human subjects addressed?

This did not seem to be addressed, although there seemed to be exclusions based on the protection of clients with dementia, delirium, or confusion, as well as, patients who were medically unstable or were enrolled in another research study/ trial (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #458)
5. Did the researcher describe data saturation?

The researcher described data saturation as “occurring when no new ideas or themes are emerging from the data and the data are of sufficient quality and quantity” (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #459).
6. What procedure for collecting data did the researcher use?

The researcher used a list of interview questions that focused on if the patient had been informed of their risk for falls, as well as, the fall protocol. These questions included : ” Has your health team given you instructions on how to prevent falls while you are here?” (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #459) The interview also focused on patient’s personal feelings towards the fall protocol. For example: ” When as nurse asked you not get up alone but you want to get up alone, how do you decide what to do? (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #459)

7. What strategies did the researcher use to analyze the data?

Prior to beginning the analysis process, biases were assessed among the researchers and due to predisposed biases, other members of the research team inspected the thematic schema and reviewed the decisions to ensure the decisions about themes were not slated towards bias (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #459). After that, the researchers first read over all the interview transcripts a total of four times to ensure the data was valid and marked key ideas (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #459)
8. Does the researcher address credibility (can you appreciate the truth of the patient’s experience), auditability (can you follow the researcher’s thinking, does the research document the research process) and fittingness are the results meaningful, is analysis strategy compatible with the purpose of the study) of the data?

I can appreciate the truth of the patient’s experience due to the criteria they used to select the patients for their study. This included: Ability to speak, read and understand English, the ability to hear adequately to participate in conversation, and cognitively alert and oriented as assessed by the primary nurse (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #458). The research does document the research process and based on the interview questions I can see that the researcher was trying to get the full patient experience on their personal experience with falls and following the fall protocol. The results were meaningful because they highlighted key reasons why a patient would not follow the fall protocol. Among these reasons were “The need to get out of bed, I know myself and these surroundings, and waiting” (Twibell et al., 2020, p. #461)

9. What is your cosmic question? (This is a question you ask your peers to respond to based on the chapter discussed in class this week i.e. Qualitative studies).

What role does bias play in qualitative research? If this research in subjective and based on patient experience how can a bias hinder results?

References:

LOBIONDO-WOOD, G. E. R. I. (2021). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. ELSEVIER.

Twibell, K. R., Siela, D., Delaney, L., Avila, P., Spradlin, A. M., & Coers, G. (2020, July). Perspectives of Inpatients With Cancer on Engagement in Fall Prevention. ONCOLOGY NURSING FORUM. Retrieved October 27, 2021, from https://online.stratford.edu/pluginfile.php/2182493/mod_resource/content/11/Qualitative%20Fall%20Prevention%20article.pdf