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This week, we will dive into
qualitative approaches (phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory,
case study, community-based participatory research), to research and
its relevance to nursing. We will also look at how to ensure rigor in
qualitative study for validity and reliability. As a consumer of
research, you will then use what was learned in class to critique a
qualitative study to identify if important elements that ensures
credibility were addressed by the researcher.

Activities

Choose a topic that your can get recent information and more information

1. PICOT/Research question Submission : This
should include the full statement of the research question, followed by
a table that clarify the P,I,C,O,T in your proposed study. Due by Saturday October 30, 2021

2. Critique the assigned qualitative study.

Discussion Forum 3: Qualitative Research

a. Read the posted article below.

b. Refer to Chapter 6 pages 120 to121 of your assigned textbook for more guidance.

c.
Respond to the questions below by reviewing the article and identifying
those elements (state the page number you found the element). If you
indicate you support the researcher use of the element, make sure your
findings are with literature (eg. you can reference your textbook where
it says that element is important in qualitative research).

Your critique responses should reflect the following:
1. What type of qualitative approach did the researcher use?
2. what type of sampling method did the researcher use? Is it appropriate for the study?
3. Was the data collection focused on human experiences?
4. Was issues of protection of human subjects addressed?
5. Did the researcher describe data saturation?
6. What procedure for collecting data did the researcher use?
7. What strategies did the researcher use to analyze the data?
8.
Does the researcher address credibility (can you appreciate the truth
of the patient’s experience), auditability (can you follow the
researcher’s thinking, does the research document the research process)
and fittingness are the results meaningful, is analysis strategy
compatible with the purpose of the study) of the data?

9. What is
your cosmic question? (This is a question you ask your peers to respond
to based on the chapter discussed in class this week i.e. Qualitative
studies).

3. Respond to two of the discussion board post of you mate

FIRST RESPOND ……………………………………….

Response 1

What type of qualitative approach did the researcher use?

Qualitative research is focused on human behavior from the respondent’s point of view. In the article, the researcher has used the grounded theory method. In this case, the researcher tries to explain why a course of action evolved the way it did. In other words, the researcher has taken a focus on the theoretical standpoint of perceived control in older adults. Grounded theory is focused on the large subject numbers. Besides, the researcher developed theoretical models based on the available data in the existing modes of psychological, biological, and genetic science (Beck, 2013).

What type of sampling method did the researcher use? Is it appropriate for the study?

In the study, the researcher has used the theoretical sampling method. Theoretical sampling entails a process where data is collected via the generation of theory. Under the method, the researcher collects codes and assesses data, and decides on the data to be collected next and where the data can be found for the development of a theory while it emerges (Jacelon, 2007). The theoretical sampling method was appropriate for the study as it aligns with the grounded theory approach. In the case of grounded theory studies, theoretical sampling takes place while data collection progresses.

Was the data collection focused on human experiences?

In the research, data collection was focused on the old adult experience. After the researcher recognize the topic and question, small handful of people had to be identified for the interview based on the set of criteria. Initial interviews were conducted for the grounded theory study, where data was analyzed (Jacelon, 2007).

Were issues of protection of human subjects addressed?

The researcher in this study has protected the issues of human subjects. The protection has been achieved via various principles such as respect for persons, where individuals were considered autonomous agents. Also, the researcher has considered the aspect of the beneficence of maximizing possible benefits and minimize possible harms.

Did the researcher describe data saturation?

Yes, the researcher has described data saturation whereby it is determined that the area under study has sufficient information replicating the study where the capacity to source new information has been achieved and in a situation where further coding is no longer feasible. Since data has been collected and analyzed previously, further data collection and analysis were unnecessary (Beck, 2013).

What procedure for collecting data did the researcher use?

The researcher has used the coding data collection method. Coding, in this case, entails line by line, open coding; the researcher read through the data several times, creates summaries for the data using preliminary labels. Axial coding has been used in creating conceptual families from the summaries, monitored by selective coding, which turns the families into a formal model with a variable inclusive of all the collected data.

What strategies did the researcher use to analyze the data?

Data analysis, in this case, has taken place at the same time as data collection. This means that the researcher had not to wait until all data was collected before analyzing it. The method had to be fluid and change in case the data uncovered the new theory or potential direction. Such concurrent data analysis and collection is known as constant comparative analysis and theoretical sampling (Beck, 2013).

Do the researcher address credibility, auditability, and fittingness of the data?

The researcher has addressed the issue of credibility, auditability, and fittingness of the data. To establish the credibility of the data, the researcher had to return to the original participants and access them to validate the research findings. Auditability of the study has been attained through steps of interpreting and synthesizing and data examples issued, where readers have the capacity of following the researcher’s thinking. Fittingness has been established where resulted collected has been described in sufficient detail for easier evaluation to own practices (Jacelon, 2007).

Cosmic Question about Qualitative Studies

Do you think social status and cultural background can impact or invalidate the study findings?

Do you think these findings can be generalized to all older adults?

References

Beck, C. T. (2013). Introduction to qualitative nursing research. In Routledge international handbook of qualitative nursing research (pp. 31-40). Routledge.

Jacelon, C. S. (2007). Theoretical perspectives of perceived control in older adults: A selective review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 59(1), 1-10.

SECOND RESPOND………………………………………………….

1. What type of qualitative approach did the researcher use?

The method of choice for this study is purposeful sampling (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018). Participants must have prior understanding of the study issue and be qualified to contribute to it (p. 140). In-depth interviews, according to Twibell et al. (2020), are a qualitative data collection method that allows for the collection of a large amount of information about the interviewees’ behavior, attitude, and perception. They use a semi-structured interview guide (p.3) and can be conducted face-to-face, one-on-one with individual participants (Twibell et al., 2020, p.1-2).

2. what type of sampling method did the researcher use? Is it appropriate for the study?

For acquiring sample participants, stratified random sampling employs a random selection process (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018, p. 222). Participants were divided into two groups in this sample design: (a) those who had fallen or had a near-fall between hospital admission and study enrollment, and (b) those who had not fallen between hospital admission and study enrollment (Twibell et al., 2020, p. 2). Yes, it is appropriate for the study since dividing a population into groups with comparable features saves researchers time and money when the population being studied is too vast to analyze on an individual basis.

3. Was the data collection focused on human experiences?

Because the study bases its findings on the thoughts and perspectives of participants, the data gathering was centered on human experiences. Interviews ranging in duration from 7 to 20 minutes that took place at the patient’s bedside while no other people were present (Twibell et al., 2020, p. 3).

4. Was issues of protection of human subjects addressed?

The researcher notified patients who fit the sampling criteria about the study and, if they were interested, underwent the informed consent process (Twibell et al., 2020, p. 3). As a result, all participants willingly provided informed consent, which is regarded as resolving the issue of human subject protection.

5. Did the researcher describe data saturation?

Yes, according to LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (2018), researchers usually continue to recruit participants until they hit data saturation, which means that no new information is coming from the interviews (p.94). As a result, by the time enrollment in each sample group reached 15, the researcher described data saturation, and the interviews did not appear to be yielding any new ideas (Twibell et al., 2020, p. 3).

6. What procedure for collecting data did the researcher use?

The interviews took place at the patient’s bedside, while no one else was in the room. According to (Twibell et al., 2020, p. 3), the interviewer established a connection with participants to put them at ease. Interviews were recorded for 7 to 20 minutes and transcribed by 3 other researchers to verify authenticity. The electronic health record was used to collect demographic and clinical data.

7. What strategies did the researcher use to analyze the data?

The three researchers read all of the interview transcripts in one sitting, then read them a second time more slowly to highlight key concepts, and then read them a third time to generate codes for each unit of meaning in the transcripts (Twibell et al., 2020, p. 3-4). Themes and sub-themes were created by grouping similar codes together. Finally, the researchers looked at the data for a fourth time to check if the themes could account for everything. The three researchers then got together to talk about their own data analyses. The categories, themes, and subthemes were conveyed by taping relevant phrases and terms to the conference room wall on large sheets of paper (Twibell et al., 2020, p. 3-4).

8. Does the researcher address credibility (can you appreciate the truth of the patient’s experience), auditability (can you follow the researcher’s thinking, does the research document the research process) and fittingness are the results meaningful, is analysis strategy compatible with the purpose of the study) of the data?

I value the truth in relation to the patient’s statement being correct. From the selection of sample statements through the completion of the investigation, when no new material was created, all interviews were recorded and transcribed by three researchers. I was able to follow the researcher’s reasoning after reading the paper multiple times for a better comprehension; it was stated in the results sections since it was recorded. To evaluate fall risk, the Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool was utilized, as well as the procedure and analysis of the data. The strategies that the researcher would employ had previously been stated. The outcomes are undeniably significant. The analytical strategy (p.3) is appropriate for the study’s purpose (p1.) Twibell et al., (2020). The dangers of falling are quite real. According to Twibell et al., (2020) research, I believe the findings (p. 4) support this. This is compatible with the analytic strategy in fall prevention schemes. I believe the findings can help nurses create and coordinate safety strategies that are tailored to the patient’s needs.

9.What is your cosmic question? (This is a question you ask your peers to respond to based on the chapter discussed in class this week i.e. Qualitative studies)

Which qualitative research approach, and why, would be most successful if someone wanted to learn about the history of nursing?