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Because people develop their worldviews based on their experiences and culture, it is critical to first understand this individual’s cultural background and native language to better identify social determinants and appropriate interventions. Using a certified interpreter, it is necessary to investigate this individual’s living and working conditions, the conditions of the surrounding community/environment, health insurance status, access to transportation and healthy food sources (i.e., local grocery stores or farmer’s markets), social/family support, and financial status, as well as personal/cultural health practices and beliefs, level of health literacy, and health needs.

However, limited English proficiency alone in the United States is associated with reduced access to health services and health information, limited health literacy, lack of health insurance, and financial difficulty with regard to healthcare costs (Healthy People 2020, 2021). Though this individual may qualify for many of the same assistance programs (e.g., WIC, SNAP, Medicaid, etc.) as an English speaker potentially facing food, housing, or healthcare insecurity, he or she may have difficulty accessing these services. Thus, the public health nurse (PHN) must provide the non-English speaker with information and resources in his or her native language, with the help of a professionally-trained and, ideally, in-person interpreter, as in-person interpretation is often preferred to remote interpretation by those of limited English proficiency (Steinberg, et al., 2016).