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Request for Proposals: Health Research Funding
The ABC Community Health Program is pleased to announce a grant funding opportunity for new health researchers interested in investigating health problems affecting priority populations. Successful applicants will receive a $200,000 grant to fund activities over a 2 ½ year period to cover both salary and research activities. Funding is available for any research with a strong defined need, which should be clearly outlined in the proposal. Priority will be given to those proposals that specifically describe the research hypothesis and question(s), the research methodology, the sampling and measurement methods, and the potential ethical issues that might arise during the research.

Reply to at least two of your classmates

Week 4 Discussion: Proposing a Research Study

Carly Hattemar

HPR460: Analysis of Health Research

Professor Bell

22 July 2021

Introduction

This project is going to investigate health problems affecting a priority population. This proposal is going to focus on the women population, and more specificallydepression and anxiety. The title of the project is Women:HormonalChanges Connection with Depression and Anxiety. This research is important because women go through many hormonal fluctuations which can lead to depression and anxiety.These fluctuations include menstrual cycles, disorders (PCOS, endometriosis, premenstrual dysmorphic disorder), pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause are all hormonal and gynecological issues that women face that can cause mood changes increasing depression and anxiety. This is a part of a female’s life and should be looked at more closely with depression and anxiety.

Literature Review

When it comes to women and hormonal changes there is aconnection to the emotional state. The connection between hormones and how they affect a woman’s brain function,estrogen acts everywhere in the body, including the parts of the brain that control emotion (Hoffman, 2019). There are many studies that are related to this title, but many focuses onpregnancy, postpartum, and menopause hormonalconnections with depression and anxiety. There are not any current studies that make connections strictly how hormonal changes connection with depression and anxiety in women, which is an unanswered question.

Methodology

Hypothesis

As women reach early to middle adulthood (18-35) that is when depression and anxiety will be at its worst then by the time they are in later adulthood (36-60) the depression and anxiety decreases.

Approach

For the study that will be done, Women: Hormonal Changes and Connection with Depression and Anxiety, the approach will be in two parts. The first part is the survey that will be sent out while the second part will be in person structured interviews. When it comes to the approach to get participates for this study, it would be beneficial to have themanonymously (the research does not get any information from the participate other than age) be taken from gynecologist offices.

Research Population

The population for this study is going to be focused on women from ages 18-60, but for the surveys and interviews the women will be separated by age. This is doneso that when the women go through the interviews, it willdetermine how depression and anxiety will be different through a woman’s life.

Grouping of ages: need at least 200 participates per group age

Group one is 18-25

Group two is 26-30

Group three is 31-40

Group four is 41-50

Group five is 51-60.

Sampling/Measurement

The sampling selection will be a non-probability samplingwhich is a qualitative research method. This involves a non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing to have an easier time collecting data (McCombes, 2019). This type of sampling selection is necessary because of the different age groups that will be participating in the study. Keeping the ages organized by having the same amount of participates in each age group is going aid in keeping the study valid. When it comes to measurements for the study, surveys and interviewing is going to be the primary data collection strategy.

Validation

For this study or any study, it is always important to have an informed consent document for the participates so they understand the study and are not blind sided by certain parts. Making sure the study is valid is important, for the researcher this includes being confident that a cause-and-effect relationship is established and cannot be explained by other factors (Bhandari, 2020). There are many factors that can lead to invalidation in research studies which include history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, selection of subjects, experimental mortality, selection-maturation interaction, and John Henry effect. When it comes to the validation of this study, the selection of subjects could be an issue because of biases. Therefore, it is important to keep the study selection process as random as possible, and since this project focuses on females around certain ages it can lead to a harder selection process.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations for this study are cultural and generation differences. Different cultures can lead to differences in coping skills in the participles causing different depression and anxiety outcomes. Another ethical consideration is generation differences. With this study, it tests many different generations which can lead to differences on how the participants handle depression and anxiety.

References

Hoffman, M. (2019). Estrogen and Women’s Emotions.

https://www.webmd.com/women/guide/estrogen-and-wom…

McCombes, S. (2019). An Introduction to sampling methods.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-metho…

Bhandari, P. (2020). Understanding internal validity.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/internal-valid….

Native American Diabetes Research

Ryan Sells

HPR460 – Analysis of Health Research

Dr. Nina Bell

22 July 2021

Native American Diabetes Research

In the United States, Type 2 diabetes continues to be a major disease that continues to impact Native Americans across Native American reservations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest at least 1 in six that Native Americans are diagnosed with diabetes and are twice as likely as other adults to have develop the disease (2017). While reports continuously showcase the rising number, the effort ofestablishing diabetes prevention programs on reservations continue to remain low. The Native American Diabetes Research will conduct a study on possible contributing factors to the increase of diabetes onone the largest Native American Reservations, the Navajo Nation Reservation. The significance of the research will provide evidence on whether lack of resources such as education resources, and medical resourcescontribute to the increase of disease on The Navajo Nation Reservation.

Literature Review

The Navajo Nation is the largest Native American Reservation in the United States. The reservation expands between Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. With almost 175,000 residents, over half of the population, are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (Atwood, Begay, Brown, Curley, King, Muskett, Nelson, Orav, Sehn, Shin, Trevisi, 2020). Diabetes continues to be one of the biggest leading causes of deaths amongst Navajos on the reservation, due to complications that develop. The main leading complication is as kidney failure (CDC, 2020).

Research Population

The intended population for the study is Native Americans, Male or Female, between 18 to 75 years of age, who currently reside on the Navajo Nation Reservation, and have been diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Sampling Procedures/Measurement

The size of the Navajo Nation is roughly 27,000 square miles and has roughly 175,000 members who reside there. In order to gather our sample our research team will advertise our study, in both English and Navajo, through the local newspaper,at the local chapter houses, which are all around the reservations, andthrough brochures provided to the local healthcare facility and the post office. Research indicates that a sizeable portion of the population does not have running water, electricity, so in order to reach these areas, we will also provide brochures and additional information to local suppliers throughout the reservations, such as gas stations, and trading posts, which is a common place for individuals to gather supplies. Interested individuals can complete the survey through our organization’swebsite or by mailing the survey in the brochure to our provided address. The survey will ask a series of questions to determine eligibility. These questions will include:

1). Are you between the age 18 to 75 years? Male or Female?

2). Do you currently reside on the Navajo Nation reservation?

2). Have you been diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes?

For the study, our team will select 500 eligible female candidates and 500 male candidates for a total of 1000participants. If the participants meet the eligibility, the eligible male and female candidates for each group will be randomly selected.Once selected, our study staff will administer an interview to gather further information on the participants’ condition. The questions of the interview will cover general questions, as well as education, lifestyle, and healthcare services.

General

1). How old are you?

2). What part of the reservation do you reside?

3). When were you diagnosed with diabetes?

Lifestyle

1). Do you currently participate in any exercise programs? If not, why? Is it because of lack of resources, time, etc.

2). Do you consume alcohol or smoke? If so, how often?

Education

1). Before you were diagnosed with diabetes, on a scale from 1 to 10 how would you rate the amount of information you knew about the disease and how to prevent it?

2). How often do you see resources, such as brochures, or websites, on the reservation that provides additional information on how to find information and resources on diabetes?

Healthcare services

1). How often do you go to the hospital for diabetes related issues? Do you feel comfortable going to the hospital for these issues? If not, why?

2). Do you have access to necessary services and equipment to treat your condition? (Full-time doctors, medication, blood sugar monitors)

Once we gather the information for both the male and female participants,our researchteam will then use the data from the interviews to examine if there are any common responses or factors such as lack of resources, lack of knowledge on the subject, etc. We will then examine, different areas of the study, such as did one area of the reservation have higher diabetes cases then others? If so, why? As well as examine who had the higher amount of diabetes cases men or women. Once the information has been gathered our research will work with Navajo nation government and Indian Health Services (HIS), which is the main medical resource, and determine if there are any disconnects, such as how they advertise treatment options, diabetes health plans (if applicable) and how resources are able to reach residents, who may not have transportation and how it affects different areas of the reservation. We will then use the data gathered by the government and IHS, to determine if there any connection to the high rates of diabetes in certain areas of the reservation and lack of resources as a potential contributor.

Potential Threats to validity and reliability of data

Participants have the right to stop participating in the study at any time. If participants decide to withdraw or become unresponsive, it could affect the validity and reliability of data.Communication differences may also affect the data, while our survey was written in English and Navajo, residents who may only speak Navajo, may not feel comfortable completing the survey. Lastly, residents who may not have transportation may not be able to gain access to the survey or brochures.

Ethical Considerations

Participation in the study will be voluntary, and there will be no compensation for participation. The members have the right to withdraw from the study at any time. The study also will not use any information without consent, the study will not require a name or physical address, the age, gender and general location of residency is to help examine which area of the reservation may be affected more, and the age and gender gather information on which age range and gender may be affected more by diabetes.

References

Native Americans with diabetes. (2018, November 15). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/aian-diabetes/index…

Trevisi, L., Orav, J. E., Atwood, S., Brown, C., Curley, C., King, C., Muskett, O., Sehn, H., Nelson, A. K., Begay, M. G., & Shin, S. S. (2020). Community Outreach for Navajo People Living with Diabetes: Who Benefits Most? Preventing Chronic Disease, 17. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200068