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respond to these two discussion post. The topic is about the Web of causation.

Discussion 1: Allison 

It has been reported that between the years of 1994 and 2013, less than a decade ago, there were over 218 million people who were affected by natural disasters every year. It is estimated that this number is continuing to increase, with the economic and financial effects continuing to cause strain on those in the areas that are the hardest hit (Barnes et al., 2019). Not only this, but the United States has recently produced a report that states “the scale of human suffering is greater than at any time since the Second World War” (United Nations, 2016). This sentiment is in place because of the lack of disaster preparedness around the world, forcing hundreds of millions of people to rely on humanitarian assistance for their very survival (United Nations, 2016). When preparing for these large-scale events, it is crucial to enact all necessary precautions.

           One of these precautions is a windshield survey. These surveys are implemented most often by firefighters and healthcare providers as they go into the community to assess the health, safety, and security of the local area. Before a disaster, windshield surveys are able to provide an overview of the local area and give providers the chance to analyze the community and its needs prior to implementation of an emergent windshield survey (Schnall et al., 2017). For example, if there is an area that is located in an extreme flood zone, it may be important to locate that area first in the case of a hurricane or life-threatening rain.

           When large-scale emergencies and natural disasters overwhelm an area and the resources, the ability to determine the extent of the damage and to pinpoint those who are in increased need for help is critical. Without this, the likelihood of higher mortality rates and increased economic costs become much more prevalent (Schnall et al., 2017). In my region, this survey would best be used to scope out the areas where the lowest-income residents reside and the large flood zones that are present given the proximity to the cost. These are the areas that are always difficult to gain access to following an emergency so by assessing the area periodically, the windshield survey may be able to provide insight on proper planning before an emergent situation occurs.

Discussion 2: Cardinal 

According to Chacko et al. (2019), knowledge is required for optimal disaster response, and an emphasis on disaster preparedness can obtain this response. Windshield surveys as a disaster preparation tool help identify what disasters may strike a community. For example, whether the community is located in a flood plain or close to a nuclear facility, which may increase the risk of drowning and radiation injuries. Windshield surveys may reveal that the community is in proximity to the ocean and has little or no drainage channels. Flooding destroys roads and predisposes to horrible driving conditions and, therefore, road traffic accidents. Windshield surveys can reveal evacuation routes and places for possible shelter and help develop a procedure for transmitting reports to critical care facilities. Furthermore, windshield surveys may reveal social supports that may be needed during a disaster. Sasaki et al. (2019) emphasized how social aids and reinforcements help induce resilience to disaster.

Windshield surveys provide a subjective outlook of community health and are utilized by community health practitioners to explore communities of interest. DeMarco et al. (2020) highlight that the nurse drives around the community during windshield surveys and records subjective data. Windshield surveys will provide information on the general health of a community, including its infrastructural needs, road networks, hospitals; the amount of street activity; traffic situation at different times. In general terms, determinants of health in the community are noted. Windshield surveys will help the researcher locate the emergency medical services, hospitals, law enforcement, schools, fuel facilities, and resource allocation (DeMarco et al., 2020).