Humanities Homework Help

First

One cue that the speaker can use to maintain his or her role as the speaker is the turn-yielding cue, whereby an individual indicates their desire to maintain their role of being the speaker (DeVito, 2020). A person who would like to assume the speaker’s turn can resort to turn-requesting cues. This cue notifies the current speaker that an individual would like to have their chance at being the speaker (DeVito, 2020). Back-channeling cues may also be used to “…communicate various types of information back to the speaker without assuming the role of the speaker” (DeVito, 2020). Both options allow for an individual to chime in on the conversation without rudely interrupting. In informal settings, turn-taking can steer the conversation in a completely different direction than what was originally intended. This is because there is no set agenda regarding the topics that need to be discussed like in a formal setting (ELT Concourse Teacher Training, n.d.). Formal settings are structured in a way where turn-taking is strictly controlled by those leading the conversation. In other words, “…turn-taking will be by invitation and one person will decide who speaks, when, on what topic and for how long” (ELT Concourse Teacher Training, n.d.). These differences portray the importance of turn-taking in certain situations.

Second
Speakers regulate the conversation through two major types of cues: turn-maintaining cues and turn-yielding cues. Using these cues effectively not only ensures communication efficiency but also increases likeability (Place & Becker, 1991 (Link will open in this tab.) (Links to an external site.); Heap, 1992 (Link will open in this tab.) (Links to an external site.)). The speaker may make certain cues to maintain their role as the speaker, such as avoiding eye contact, or by using “er” or “um” to show they are not finished speaking. In order for one to assume the speaker’s turn, one might use turn-requesting cues. The listener might use a signal, such as a hand raise or by vocalizing something such as “I’d like to say something”. Throughout the speaking–listening process, both speaker and listener exchange cues for what are called conversational turns (Link will open in this tab.) (Links to an external site.) (Burgoon, Buller, & Woodall, 1996 (Link will open in this tab.) (Links to an external site.); Duncan, 1972 (Link will open in this tab.) (Links to an external site.); Pearson & Spitzberg, 1990 (Link will open in this tab.) (Links to an external site.)). In business one might listen to the speaker to gain knowledge, and wait to ask question when the speaker gives a cue that they are turning the conversation over to the listener, whereas in informal speaking the speaker and listener use more turn taking cues.