Law Homework Help

After reading the following assigned chapters (Chapters 20-23), answer two of the following questions. Then, reply to three classmates’ threads.

Questions:

1. What, in your view, are the main limitations of IO’s in world politics? Use the four theories mentioned in the chapter to discuss why IOs are established.
2. Are IOs merely an expression of power politics among the dominant states in international politics? If so, how and why? Discuss, giving examples.
3. What are transnational actors and what are the different types of them?  Also, how do transnational actors affect the sovereignty of governments, and how do NGOs exercise influence in global politics. 
4. Why is linking terrorism with globalization so difficult to do theoretically? Also, given that terrorism has been both a transnational and a global phenomenon, why has it not been more successful in affecting change? 
5. Describe the historical origins of the UN and their significance. How has the UN challenged state sovereignty? In what ways is it complementary to sovereignty?
6. How has the concept of security, in personal, societal, and international life, changed as a result of globalized terrorism–and how will it change in the future? What are the challenges that the international community faces today? Please, discuss.
7. What is regionalism and what are the types of regional cooperation? Also, how is regional cooperation different from regional integration. Please, explain.
8. What are the factors that hinder regional cooperation and/or integration? Also, what are some main similarities and differences of regional cooperation/integration across the world? 
9. What are the arguments for and against the supranational approach to integration? How has globalization contributed to and been a response to regional integration? Make reference to at least two examples.

Threaded Discussion Requirements:

• You are required to answer two of my questions, thus starting two new discussion threads for other students to reply. 
• Each answer to my questions should be in at least 300 words, totaling 600 words for both answers.
  • Greetings or compliments will not be counted toward the length requirement of each thread. 
• Each answer should be posted separately.
  • Thus, you should have two separate threads for each discussion.
• Both answers to my questions should be posted by no later than Friday of the discussion week.
  • This is done to provide you sufficient time to reply to your classmates’ answers.
• You are required to use the textbook as the primary course of information.
• External source may be used to enrich your responses; however, such use should be secondary.
• Your answers should demonstrate to me that you have both engaged and critically thought about the readings.
• You are required to reply to at least three other students’ discussion threads.
• Each reply to your classmates’ threads should be in at least 100 words, totaling at least 300 words for all three replies.
  • Each reply should be substantial and discuss related ideas or concepts
  • Greetings or compliments will not be counted toward the length requirement of each thread or reply.  
• You are required to provide in-text citations and references in the 6th edition of the APA writing format. 
• In-text citations for the textbooks or any other source of information should include (1) the author last name(s), (2) publication year, and (3) page number (s)., i.e. (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 2014, p. 37).
• See the videos below for additional help with the 6th edition of the APA format.
  • Click HERE for help with APA in-text citations and references (Links to an external site.). See also the video below.
    • Click HERE for Three Most Common Mistakes Students Make with APA Format (Links to an external site.)
    • Click HERE for Help with Quoting and Paraphrasing (Links to an external site.)
    • Click HERE for Help with How To Reference a Webpage (Links to an external site.)

POST 1

To begin, The United Nations (UN) was formed after the Second World War and “reflected the hope for a just and peaceful global community” (Baylis, Smith & Owens, 2017, p.322). To be more specific, the UN was created on October 24th, 1945. Joining members had to accept agreements of the United Nations Charter, a treaty; laying out the main principles of international relations and as we know, world politics. At the time, the UN consisted of 51 countries whose governments acted against the German and Japanese military in the second world war. According to the UN website in 2021, there are 193 countries that make up the UN (About us, n.d.). The significance of the historical origins of the UN is that it reflected the want for peace among a majority of states around the world following the devastating effects and casualties of the world war. The UN has challenged state sovereignty because “the relationship between state sovereignty and the protection of the needs and interests of people has not been fully resolved” (Baylis, Smith & Owens, 2017, p.332). Furthermore, the meaning of sovereignty and the perspective of the term by different theoretical positions limit the UN’s actions. The UN is complementary to state sovereignty in many ways, especially after the promotion of decolonization. Following diminishing concerns over the cold war, members within the UN did not want to question the sovereignty of states. Furthermore, decolonization put individual statehood over international justice. On page 337 the textbook states “The UN had elevated the right to statehood above any tests of viability, such as the existence of a nation adequate economic performance, defensibility, or a prospect for achieving justice for citizens” (Baylis, Smith & Owens, 2017, p.337). From the above quote, it is clear that the UN promoted the actions of a state acting for self-governance.

POST 2

7. What is regionalism and what are the types of regional cooperation? Also, how is regional cooperation different from regional integration. Please, explain.

Regionalism, as defined in the textbook, is the “development of institutionalized cooperation among states and other actors on the basis of regional contiguity as a feature of the international system” (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 2014, p. 478). The word “region” itself can refer to specific territories found within a state or it can refer to a specific area that consists of multiple states. Due to the flexibility of this term, regionalism has been making its way into conversations of international relations and has started to essentially challenge the traditional views of states (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 2014, p. 320). Since regionalism covers so many topics, it can be broken down into two subcategories: regional cooperation and regional integration. Regional cooperation can then be broken down into several different types. The first is functional cooperation, which refers to the agreements made among different states that address areas, such as health and transportation, that they plan on working together on. Then there is economic cooperation, which refers to the agreements among states that focus on “…commercial preferentialism, but with no harmonization of domestic rules nor any obligation for common action in international affairs” (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 2014, p. 320). Next is political cooperation, which addresses the support countries offer to other countries regarding the way in which their practices are applied to their own countries. Finally, foreign and security policy cooperation addresses how “…governments systematically inform and consult each other, try to adopt common positions in international organizations, and may even implement joint actions elsewhere” (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 2014, p. 320). Regional cooperation differs from regional integration in the sense that regional cooperation takes on multiple forms while regional integration “…refers to processes by which states go beyond the removal of obstacles to interaction among their countries to create a regional space subject to some distinct common rules” (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 2014, p. 320). Although both cooperation and integration address similar topics, the general focuses of the two differ. For example, regional cooperation, as previously stated, addresses economics by focusing on commercial preferentialism while not enforcing any form of obligation for common rules with respect to international affairs. On the other hand, regional integration addresses economics by focusing on several different aspects, “free trade area, customs union, common market, and economic and monetary union”, and the way in which different states share commonalities with regard to these economic ambitions since integration revolves around the establishment of common rules. (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 2014, p. 320).