Architecture and Design homework help

Architecture and Design homework help. 1. Research Beyond AES, what do you see is adequate encryption algorithm for the future.  The 5-page paper must include the following:
a. Introduction with a problem statement and a thesis ( 1-page)
b. Literature review (1-page)
c. Analysis (2  pages)
d. Conclusion (1-page)
 

Quantum Theory – My explanation

Quantum Physics – Here is an interesting quote: “If you think you understand Quantum Physics, you do not understand Quantum Physics” – Richard Feynman – Noble Price Winner in Physics
Quantum Physics describes the smallest particles in our universe – molecules, atoms and, protons, neutrons and so on. Well, you and everything around you are Quantum Physics.
In typical computers, we transform data to 0 and 1. This is done using high voltage and low voltage. We then use a series of logic. Remember the AND, OR, NOT, XOR that we discussed earlier. Yes, with theses Logical gates, we can compute and solve complex problems.
This is excellent however, as we discussed in the section on Complex problems, when we deal with exponential complex problems, traditional computing can become unsolvable because of the time it will take to solve them. Remember, the complexity of RSA – factoring a number into in primes.
In quantum computing, the basic computational unit is a Qubit. Think of them as our classical bits – o and 1. Qubit are much more powerful than bits. Here is the big kicker – a qubit can be in both zero state and one state at the same time. States of a qubit is represented using “ket 0” and “ket 1” notation its written as |0> and |1> and the basic measured state is just like classical 0 and 1.
A qubit can be an electron with spin, a photon with polarization, impurity spins, trapped ions, neutral atom, semiconducting circuits. The explanation of these terms is beyond the scope of tis course. You may want to read about them.
This looks difficult but the main point that we need to keep in mind is that the single qubit at any time can be in a super position of |0> and |1> and “it can be expressed as where a and b are amplitude (proportional to probabilities) of qubit being measured to 0 and 1 respectively and a² + b² =1.” A qubit can be in super position of two states, and once it is measured it will return one of the two states based on the probabilities of each state. Measuring a qubit itself influences the system, measurement of a qubit is similar to a gate which affect the state of the qubit.
Let’s try two states,  00, 01, 10, 11 but the qubits can be in super position of all for states at the same time. This should be represented as:
a|00> + b|01> + c|10> + d|11>
For two qubits, we need 4 probabilities/amplitude (a, b, c, d), if we have three qubits we will need 8. So if we have n qubits, we will need 2^n numbers to represent the overall state of that quantum system. With small increase in the number of qubits, we can create systems which can represent enormous states, and this is dissimilar to classical computers.
Well, I know this is complex and unfamiliar to you, I am going to leave you with the basics. Now, let’s define Quantum Algorithm.
Quantum algorithm is a step-by-step procedure, where each of the steps can be performed on a quantum computer and this will involve quantum properties like, superposition and entanglement.
Two popular algorithms that have been developed already are SHOR’s and Grover’s algorithms.
SHOR Algorithm – Shor’s algorithm for integer factorization is one of the most famous one because of its implication in cryptography. The details are beyond the scope of this course
Grover’s algorithm is also well known and used for searching an unstructured database or an unordered list.
IBM Q is an industry-first initiative to build commercially available universal quantum computers for business and science. IBM Q Experience allows us to run quantum algorithms either using online composer or using its python library for free. The number of qubits in these systems are relatively small but will increase rapidly for sure.
https://www.ibm.com/quantum-computing/
 

Solving a small problem – QuBit

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdSmIUuGf-I

Architecture and Design homework help