Science Homework Help

Hello, I have to create a chemistry lab. Please help me to create it step by step and I provide you the format that it should look like. please use your own words.

for each step we should explain and what we need or what formula we need and some of them need calculation. So I need the answers too.

Template

(Title)

(Name, Date, Course)

Background/Introduction:

The background section should “enhance the understanding of the context of the investigation”.

So, discuss the science and why this experiment is important. Include any relevant Chemical

equations or mathematical formulas that you will be using.

Materials:

Carefully choose the glassware and instruments that you use to maximize your accuracy (and

minimize uncertainties). Describe them with detail (ex: “100mL graduated cylinder” instead of

“graduated cylinder”)

Procedure:

Write for a peer, another student.

Include at least 5 levels of the independent variable, and at least 3 trials at each level; 5 trials is

ideal.

Aim for data which will produce a line/scatter graph, not a bar graph if possible. IB Bio is more

bar graph friendly than IB Chem or Physics.

Note: Think ahead about what your graph will look like and design an experiment which will

produce a useful graph.

It is acceptable to write in the past tense as you document what you did. A historical record.

Diagram:

Diagrams always help. Draw or take a picture of the setup for your experiment, not just the

materials used. Photos are great, but only really useful if they are labeled. Be sure to cite any

copied diagrams- in a subtitle is fine.

Safety/Ethical/Environmental Issues:

List possible concerns and elaborate on why they are important and how your experiment

addresses it (ex: Fumes produced can be damaging to mucus membranes, so experiment must be

done in a fume hood; Products can pollute the water system, so must be stored in a waste

container)

You can search for safety concerns for the specific materials in your lab here:

www.flinnsci.com/msds-search.aspx or in the Flinn catalog.

If you’re doing a research-only lab, you can skip this section.

(Data Tables- give them meaningful titles)

A hand-written data table or printed/written is fine

Include measured/raw data and calculations either together or separate

Label all columns and rows plus give the table a meaningful title

Include all units and uncertainties- in the column/row label if everything in the section is the

same

Record and report every measured value

Include QUALITATIVE data in or below the table

Report all significant figures (ex: 10.0 instead of 10), which you may need to adjust if using

Excel

Calculations:

You have to calculate something, average as the absolute minimum, to answer the purpose

question.

Show work for 1 sample calculation (you don’t need to show the same calculation multiple

times) and clearly label where every number came from. The easiest ways to do that are to

provide a word formula (ex: density= mass/volume) or to put reference symbols next to the #s in

your data table

If calculations are done with a spreadsheet and/or on a graph, you must discuss how you got the

spreadsheet or graph to work (ex: “=B12/2.54” or “insert linear trendline”)

Bio: You need to collect enough data for calculating standard deviation, which would be 5 values

for each trial minimum. You also need to include some statistical analysis. A t-test or Chi Square

are good ways to use stats to validate your data.

Chem/Physics:

● Make sure your final answers have the correct # of significant figures.

● Include uncertainties on the final answer and

● show your work for the uncertainty.

● And, if possible, find a literature value to compare your results to and calculate %error.

(Graph- give it a meaningful title)

Must have proper labels and titles on the graph- including units

Graph should clearly answer purpose question, so choose the design and data that you include

carefully. Include a trendline, R2 and equation if possible so you can discuss the trend in your

conclusion.

You may have several graphs, each showing the data in different ways. Consider graphing the

data with and without outliers, graph the percent error….

Make sure you have (1) correct sig figs- Chem/Physics only (2) only processed data (3) error

bars (4) independent variable on x axis, dependent on the y-axis

Conclusion:

Your conclusion is a simple statement that rephrases your purpose question, but inserting the

TREND that you see on your graph. Is there a clear relationship? Is it direct or indirect? Linear

or exponential?

Justification= (1) discuss the significance of the uncertainties (error bars) and/or statistical data,

(2) consistency and actual values of data, (3) % error and/or comparison to literature values if

applicable and (4) how your result matches theory- the science involved- you laid out in the

hypothesis/background

As a guide- your conclusion should mainly discuss the graph you made. If not, then you either

need to rethink your graph or you’re discussing minutia instead of overall findings

Sources of Error and Improvements:

Errors:

Every lab has at least 4 significant sources of systematic error, in other words issues with the

procedure NOT mistakes or instrument issues.

Good words to use: impossible, inconsistent, assume, judgement, unavoidable

Bad words to use: forgot, mistake, possibly, accidentally

For each, explain how the issue would affect your final value (increase, decrease, or both– but

avoid having too many errors which could skew your data both up and down because those are

usually weak sources of error)

Consider your qualitative data, controlled variables, any assumptions made during the

experiment, and any portion that required human judgment

Improvements/Extensions:

Address each source of error (if possible) with a suggested improvement- a specific amendment

to the procedure. You should also discuss some interesting extensions to your lab either within

the chart or separately.

Never say “more time”, “better/robotic equipment”, “be more careful”, or anything along that line

You may use a chart like this, or write this section in paragraph form.(there is a chart here)

This does not have to be in chart form if you prefer to address it in a paragraph.

Good luck! Ask questions if you have them!