What are benefits of epidural versus systemic administration of opioids?

QUESTION 12:
Chapter 12, Pain Management
Mr. Rogers is 2 days postoperative of a thoracotomy for removal of a malignant mass in his left chest. His pain is being managed via an epidural catheter with morphine (an opioid analgesic). As the nurse assumes care of Mr. Rogers, he is alert and fully oriented, and states that his current pain is 2 on a 1-to-10 scale. His vital signs are 37.8 – 92 – 12, 138/82. (Learning Objective 6). Nursing Questions & Answers . 
What are benefits of epidural versus systemic administration of opioids?
b. The nurse monitors Mr. Rogers’ respiratory status and vital signs every 2 hours. What is the rationale for these frequent assessments?
c. The nurse monitors Mr. Rogers for what other complications of epidural analgesia?
d. Mr. Rogers complains of a severe headache. What should the nurse do?
e. Mr. Rogers’ epidural morphine and decreased mobility increase his chances of constipation. What interventions should be included in his plan of care to minimize constipation? Nursing Questions & Answers .